简介：导致的模仿的微严肃(SMG)的知识在微生物的致病力变化为长期的空间飞行的成功是重要的。在用高方面比率容器生物反应器的以前的研究，当在建模的微严肃成长时，我们证明酵母种类Saccharomycescerevisiae经历了重要phenotypic回答，它在基因表达侧面的分析被反映。在这研究，我们证实Candidaalbicans以一种类似的方式对SMG作出回应，证明在到这个环境压力的酵母之中有保存回答。我们也报导C的生长。在SMG的albicans导致与提高的致病力一致的一个morphogenic开关。明确地，我们在有机体的细丝状的形式观察了增加，在二基因的表示伴随变化与酵母菌丝的转变联系了。词法反应可以为宇航员的安全有重要含意，当真菌的病原体可以在空间飞行期间变得更剧毒。

简介：AbstractObjectives:By assessing and comparing the phenotypic changes on the stepwise acquisition of fluconazole resistant Candida albicans isolates, we could find and describe the relationship between drug resistance and biofilm formation ability in a series of clonal strains.Methods:We performed antifungal susceptibility of five drugs (fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin and amphotericin B) to further verify the antifungal activity of the six isolates in vitro. Then we combined hyphal formation assay, cell surface hydrophobicity test positively related to adherence ability, and biofilm assays in vitro to observe and compare the phenotypic characteristics of our six clonal strains.Results:Biofilm capability is enhanced for four drug-intermediate strains, whereas the initial susceptible strain and the final resistant strain are both poor in adherence, hyphal growth and biofilm formation.Conclusions:It was suggested that the biofilm formation ability were not absolutely related to the degree of fluconazole resistance.

简介：Antifungaldrugresistanceisasignificantclinicalproblem,andantifungalagentsthatcanevaderesistanceareurgentlyneeded.Ininfectiveniches,resistantorganismsoftenco-existedwithsensitiveones,orasubpopulationofantibiotic-susceptibleorganismsmayevolveintoresistantonesduringantibiotictreatmentandeventuallydominatethewholepopulation.Inthisstudy,weestablishedaco-cultureassayinwhichanazole-resistantCandidaalbicansstrainwasmixedwithasusceptiblestrainlabeledwithgreenfluorescentproteintomimicinvivoconditionsandscreenforantifungaldrugs.Fluconazolewasusedasapositivecontroltoverifythevalidityofthisco-cultureassay.FivenaturalmoleculesexhibitedantifungalactivityagainstbothsusceptibleandresistantC.albicans.Twoofthesecompounds,retigericacidB(RAB)andriccardinD(RD),preferentiallyinhibitedC.albicansstrainsinwhichtheeffluxpumpMDR1wasactivated.Thisselectivitywasattributedtogreaterintracellularaccumulationofthedrugsintheresistantstrains.Changesinsterolandlipidcompositionswereobservedintheresistantstrainscomparedtothesusceptiblestrain,andmightincreasecellpermeabilitytoRABandRD.Inaddition,RABandRDinterferedwiththesterolpathway,furtheraggregatingthedecreaseinergosterolinthesterolsynthesispathwayintheMDR1-activatedstrains.Ourfindingshereprovideanalternativeforcombatingresistantpathogenicfungi.

简介：AbstractObjective:This study was designed to evaluate whether p62/SQSTM1 (hereafter referred to as p62) is involved in the immune response of macrophages against challenge by Candida albicans (C. albicans).Methods:We cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to investigate the immune response to challenge by C. albicans. The p62 gene was knocked down by transfection with p62 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the p62 siRNA group. BMDMs transfected with nonsense siRNA served as the negative control (NC) group. These two groups of BMDMs were challenged with C. albicans in vitro. We detected p62 expression through quantitative reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. The phagocytosis ability of BMDMs was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopic examination using an Olympus FV1000 laser scanning confocal microscope. Moreover, we determined the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in BMDMs. The mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.Results:After stimulation by C. albicans, the relative expression of p62 mRNA was increased in a dose-dependent manner, the relative expression of p62 and the ratio of BMDMs to C. albicans is 1.893 ± 0.2156 (1:1, P < 0.05), 2.873 ± 0.4787 (1:3, P < 0.05) and 3.556 ± 0.2892 (1:5, P < 0.01). The p62 protein level was also increased. After transfection with p62 siRNA, the mRNA and protein levels of p62 were significantly decreased in BMDMs (P < 0.05). After 0.5, 1 and 2 hours of co-culture of BMDMs with C. albicans, flow cytometry showed that the phagocytosis rates of C. albicans by BMDMs were significantly lower in the p62 siRNA group than in the NC group (39.70 ± 1.69% vs. 55.23 ± 0.72%, 46.70 ± 0.89% vs. 60.80 ± 1.78%, 51.90 ± 0.98% vs. 64.43 ± 2.0%, respectively, all P < 0.05). Consistent results were seen in the production of ROS (4269 ± 392.6 vs. 13426 ± 1859.7, 4967 ± 721.2 vs. 13687 ± 2611.2, 7647 ± 1950.0 vs. 17719 ± 1814.2, respectively, all P < 0.05). The ROS levels were higher in BMDMs of the NC group than in BMDMs transfected with p62 siRNA at 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after treatment with C. albicans. BMDMs was co-cultured with C. albicans for 4 and 12 hours, the mRNA levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in NCs were also higher than p62 siRNA group, interleukin-1β: (6.14 ± 1.63 vs. 12.12 ± 0.54, 8.81 ± 0.86 vs. 26.2 ± 4.67, respectively, all P < 0.05), IL-18: (0.38 ± 0.02 vs. 0.97 ± 0.06, 0.44 ± 0.02 vs. 2.23 ± 0.46, respectively, all P < 0.05).Conclusion:p62 plays an important role in the process of phagocytosis in BMDMs challenged by C. albicans through ROS production and expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

简介：AIM:TodeterminetheassociationbetweenchlamydialconjunctivitisandgenitalinfectionbyChlamydiatrachomatis,MycoplasmagenitaliumandCandidaalbicans,inadditiontothepossiblerelationshipbetweenculturedbacterialpathogensandoculogenitalchlamydialinfection.METHODS:Thisstudywasperformedon100(50symptomaticand50asymptomatic)womenattendingtheGynecologicalandObstetricoutpatientclinicofAlzahrahospital,AlazharUniversity.Simultaneouslyaconjunctivalswabwastakenfromthesepatients.Polymerasechainreaction(PCR)wasdoneonDNAextractedfrombothvaginalandconjunctivalswabsamples.Cultureforbothvaginalandconjunctivalswabswasalsodone.RESULTS:Candidaalbicanswasthepredominantorganismisolatedbyculturein20%and40%ofconjunctivalandvaginalswabsrespectively.BythePCRmethod,ocularChlamydiatrachomatiswaspresentin60%ofsymptomaticwomen,whilegenitalChlamydiatrachomatisinfectionwaspresentin30%ofsymptomaticwomen.Theresultsofthismethodalsoindicatedthat25/50(50%)vaginalswabswerepositivewithPCRforCandidaalbicansversus15/50(30%)werePCRpositiveinconjunctivalswab.Mycoplasmagenitaliumwaspresentinonly10%ofvaginalswabs.ConcomitantoculogenitalPCRpositiveresultsforChlamydiatrachomatisandCandidaalbicanswere30%and28%respectively.CONCLUSION:OcularChlamydiatrachomatiswasassociatedwithgenitalChlamydiatrachomatisinahighpercentageofwomenfollowedbyCandidaalbicans.CulturedbacterialorganismsdonotplayaroleinenhancementofChlamydiatrachomatisinfection.

简介：1089strainsofyeastswereobtainedfromseawater,seasediments,mudofseasalterns,gutsofmarinefishes,mangroveplantsandmarinealgae.Theresultsofroutineidentificationandmolecularanalysismethodsshowthat44strainsamongthemarineyeastsobtainedinthisstudybelongtoCandidatropicalis,whichmayindicateitswidedistributionindifferentenvironment,especiallyinthetropicalandsubtropicalmarineenvironment.ThewidedistributionofC.tropicalisindicatesthatitmayplayanimportantroleinmarineenvironmentandthemarineenvironmentinturnisagoodsourceforobtainingC.tropicalis.

简介：在开发和Folsomia的鸡蛋的孵化成功的CaCl2,CuCl2,ZnCl2和PbCl2的效果坦白一(Collembola)在实验室条件下面被学习。从同步文化的几千个健康鸡蛋在与金属的不同集中对待的土壤被孵化。与水控制相比，当Cu，Pb和Zn的集中到达了400，1600和800时，鸡蛋开口显著地减少了mg/kg干燥土壤分别地。EC50的值(孵化)根据指数的模型的意见计算的,(与在方括号的95%信心限制)，是625(407875)，2361(20642687)并且1763(15482000)mg/kg为Cu，Pb和Zn的干燥土壤分别地。当Cu集中到达了1600mg/kg时，弄干土壤，鸡蛋变得绿色和绿鸡蛋的百分比变化了从5%20%在为2天到的孵化以后15%30%在为4天的孵化以后。在3200mgCu/kg干燥土壤，在鸡蛋内的纸巾黑、皱缩。

简介：提炼棕色的planthopper(BPH)，Nilaparvatalugens圣?l，是米饭的最破坏的害虫之一，被证实了在胖身体怀有似酵母的symbiotes(YLS)。几词法上不同的YLS以前被孤立并且在从BPH的vitro有教养，却直接证据正在缺乏进一步澄清有教养的YLS是否从BPH。在这研究，YLS的一种在vitro是成功地有教养的并且同时验证了由顺序分析在BPH的胖身体存在并且嵌套聚合酶链反应(PCR)。有教养的YLS在vitro孤立根据18SrDNA(ribosomalDNA)和5.8S-ITS(内部抄录分隔符)作为类Candida的一个成员被识别rDNA顺序和它从酵母的序列的种系发生的分析。因此，这酵母孤立作为象Candida一样symbiotes被说出。象Candida一样symbiotes被发现在胖身体，卵巢和BPH的最新生的卵，然而并非在头，存在胸并且中间勇气。另外，在1а的象Candida一样symbiotes的数字