简介：Globalmitigativeandadaptiveeffortshavenotbeenabletoeffectivelyaddresstheadverseimpactscausedbyclimatechange.Therefore,adirectsolutionisneededtoaddressthesignificantresultinglossanddamage(L&D).DuringtheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeheldinDohain2012,theissueofrespondingtoL&Darisingfromclimatechangegainedsuddentractionandbecameoneofthekeyissuesthataffectedtheoutcomeoftheconvention.Inthispaper,astudyonthedefinitionandconnotationsofL&Darisingfromclimatechangewasconducted,togetherwithananalysisofitsrelationshipwithrelatedconcepts,namelyimpacts,vulnerability,andrisks.ThisledtotheproposalofanL&Dconceptualmodelthatismorecomprehensive,withtherecognitionoftheneedtoaddresstheissuethrougheffectivesupplementationofexistingmitigativeandadaptiveefforts.AsystematicelaborationofanL&Dresponsemechanismwasmadebasedonpolitics,law,andthemarket,leadingtoapreliminarypresentationofapossibleformatforanL&Dmechanism.PotentialacademicresearchdirectionsforL&DwerealsoproposedthatcouldserveasreferencesfortheestablishmentofinternationalandnationalL&Dresponsemechanismsandrelatedresearch.

简介：Climatechangeisoneofthefocusestomitigategreenhouseeffectandreducecarbondioxideemissions.First,thepapersummarizesonthecarbondioxideemissionfactorsandmethodssuitabletothesituationinChina.Second,itanalyzestheprimaryenergy-relatedcarbondioxideemissionsduringtheperiodbetween1995and2005fromdifferentfossilfuelsanddifferentzones.Thetrendofprimaryenergy-relatedcarbondioxideemissionsfrom1995to2005is"firstdecreasingandlaterincreasing."Sevenregions-Liaoning,Shanxi,Hebei,Shandong,Henan,andJiangsu-andmostoftheprovinces(citiesorregions)werefoundtohavesimilartrendsregardingtotalcarbondioxideemissionsinChina.Theannualcarbondioxideemissionsandthegrowthratioofthesesevenregionsaremuchhighercomparedtothoseoftheother24provinces(citiesorregions).Finally,thispaperputsforwardsomesuggestionstoreducecarbondioxide.

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简介：TheAppellateBodyreportinJanuary2012hadsupportedthedecisionofPanelinthe"China-measuresrelatedtotheexportationofvariousrawmaterials"case(WT/DS394,395,398)andaffirmedthatChina’srestrictions(suchastariffsandquotameasures)ontheexportationofrawmaterialsviolatedrulesputforthbytheWTO,whichwererequiredtobemodified.InthiscaseChina’srighttoinvokeArticle20ofGATT1994("generalexception")tojustifyitsexemptionfromtheguidelinesinArticle11.3oftheWTOAccessionProtocolwasdeniedbythePanelandtheAppellateBody.ThiswasduetothefactthatthephrasinginArticle11.3ofProtocolfailedtomention"GATT."ThiswastheconsequenceofthetwointerpretationapproachestheDisputeSettlementBody(DSB)adopted-anarrowtextualinterpretationandasubjectivepresumptionof"legislativesilence."TheinappropriateuseofthetwomethodsofinterpretationleadtoanimbalancebetweentherightandobligationofChinaundertheadditionalobligationsthatwereimposeduponChinabytheWTO,whichcreateanegativeimpactonChina’srareearthcaseandtheprotectionofdomesticnaturalresources.

简介：Thispaperquantifiesadecompositionanalysisofenergy-relatedCO2emissionsintheindustrialsectorsofShanghaiovertheperiod1994-2007.TheLog-MeanDivisiaIndex(LMDI)methodisappliedtothisstudyintermsofsixfactors:laborforce,labormobility,grosslaborproductivity,energyintensity,fuelmix,andemissioncoefficient.Inaddition,thedecouplingeffectbetweenindustrialeconomicgrowthandCO2emissionsisanalyzedtoevaluateCO2mitigationstrategiesforShanghai.TheresultsshowthatalllaborproductivityhasthelargestpositiveeffectonCO2emissionchangesintheindustrialsectors,whereaslabormobilityandenergyintensityarethemaincomponentsfordecreasingCO2emissions.OtherfactorshavedifferenteffectsonCO2mitigationindifferentsub-periods.AlthougharelativedecouplingofindustrialCO2emissionsfromtheeconomicgrowthinShanghaihasbeenfound,ShanghaishouldkeeppacewiththeindustrialCO2emissionsreductionbyimplementinglow-carbontechnology.Theseresultshaveimportantpolicyimplications:PlanCisthereasonablechoiceforShanghai.