简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheexpressionofdendriticcell-associatedC-typelectin-1(dectin-1)attheearlyperiodofAspergillusfumigatusinfectioninrat’scornealepithelium.·METHODS:Atotalof72Wistarratswererandomlydividedintothreegroups:A,BandC.Therighteyeswerechosenasexperimentaleyes.GroupAwascontrolgroup.RatsingroupBwerenotinoculatedwithAspergillusfumigatus.GroupCwastakenasAspergillusfumigatuskeratitismodel.RatsingroupBandC(sixfromeachgroup)wereexecutedrandomlyat4,8,16and24hoursafterexperimentalmodelbeingestablishedtoassesstheexpressionofdectin-1mRNAthroughreal-timePCR.AnothersixratsingroupBandCwereexecutedrandomlyat24hourstoassesstheexpressionofdectin-1proteinthroughimmunohistochemistry.·RESULTS:Theresultsofreal-timePCRindicatedthatdectin-1mRNAexpressionwaslowincornealepitheliumofnormalrats’.Therewasnosignificantlydifferenceofdectin-1mRNAexpressioningroupAandB(P>0.05).TheexpressionofAspergillusfumigatusinfectedcornealepitheliumincreasedgraduallyafter8hoursingroupC.ThesynchronousexpressionofgroupAandChadsignificantdifference(P<0.01).Immunohistochemistydiscoveredthatdectin-1receptorexistedinnormalrat’scornealepithelium.Dectin-1proteinincreasedafter24hoursingroupC.TherewasasignificantdifferenceofsynchronousexpressioningroupBandC(P<0.01).·CONCLUSION:Dectin-1existsinrat’scornealepitheliumanditsexpressionsignificantlyincreasesattheearlyperiodofAspergillusfumigatusinfection.Dectin-1isapatternrecognitionreceptorthatexpressesincornealepitheliumandinvolvesinimmuneresponsetoAspergillusfungalkeratitis.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatethediffusioncharacteristicsofwaterofopticnerveandopticradiationinhealthyadultsanditsrelatedfactorsbydiffusiontensorimaging（DTI）at3T.METHODS:Atotalof107healthyvolunteersperformedheadconventionalMRIandbilateralopticnerveandopticradiationDTI.TheprimarydataofDTIwasprocessedbypost-processingsoftwareofDTIstudio2.3,obtainingfractionalanisotropyvalue,meandiffusivityvalue,principalenginevalue,orthogonalenginevaluebymeasuring,andanalyzedbytheSPSS13.0statisticalsoftware.RESULTS:Thebilateralopticnerveandopticradiationfiberspresentedgreencolorindirectionalencodedcolor（DEC）mapsandpresentedhighsignalinfractionalanisotropy（FA）maps.TheFAvalueoftheleftopticnervewas0.598±0.069andtherightwas0.593±0.065;themeandiffusivity（MD）valueoftheleftopticnervewas（1.324±0.349）×10-3mm2/sandtherightwas（1.312±0.350）x10-3mm2/s;theprincipalenginevalue(λ?)oftheleftopticnervewas（2.297±0.522）×10-4mm2/sandtherightwas（2.277±0.526）×10-3mm2/s;theorthogonalenginevalue（λ⊥）oftheleftopticnervewas（0.838±0.285）×10-3mm2/sandtherightwas（0.830±0.280）×10-3mm2/s;theFAvalueoftheleftopticradiationwas0.636±0.057andtherightwas0.628±0.056;themeandiffusivity（MD）valueoftheleftopticradiationwas（0.907±0.103）×10-3mm2/sandtherightwas（0.889±0.125）×10-3mm2/s;theprincipaleigenvalue(λⅡ)oftheleftopticradiationwas（1.655±0.210）×10-3mm2/sandtherightwas（1.614±0.171）×10-3mn2/s;theorthogonalenginvalue（λ⊥）oftheleftopticradiationwas（0.531±0.103）×10-3mm2/sandtherightwas（0.524±0.152）×10-3m

简介：

简介：我现在越来越喜欢使用类比这种思考方式，也越来越喜欢采用比喻的说法。我频繁使用上帝这个词，并不意味着我相信一个有人格的上帝，一个可以与人沟通的神。我只是采用了“上帝”这个比喻性的、拟人的说法。当然我也可以辩称，我所说的上帝是爱因斯坦或者斯宾诺莎的上帝，就是自然（规律）本身。

简介：AIM:Toexaminethemechanismofthedevelopmentofpseudoexfoliation(PSX)syndromeviabothcytokineformationandendothelialvasorelaxingandgrowthfactorsthatwillprovideusnewtherapeuticinsightsforthetreatment.METHODS:Thisisacrosssectionalstudyincludedtwogroups;Group1:controlpatientswithnuclearcataract(n=20,aged51-80years).Group2:PSXpatientswithnuclearcataract(n=18,aged50-90years).Patientswithotherophthalmicproblemsandsystemicdiseaseswereexcluded.Vascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF),interleukin-6(IL-6)andinterleukin-1β(IL-1β)andnitrotyrosinelevelsweredeterminedthroughserumsamplesbyEnzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA)method.Nitrite-nitratelevelsweremeasuredwithphotometricendpointdetermination.RESULTS:Therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetweenthegroupsintermsofage,VEGF,IL-1β,nitrite-nitrateandnitrotyrosine.ThesignificantresultswerethemeanIL-6levelsthatwerehigherinPSXgroup2(37.68±29.52pg/mL)comparedtothatincontrolgroup1(15.32±10.08pg/mL)(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:SeveralinteractingandextendingbiochemicalpathwaysmayleadtothepromotionofVEGFandIL-6expressions.IL-6whichistheonlyalteredmarkerinourstudymayindirectlycauseanincreaseofvascularpermeabilityandneovascularization.WesuggestinflammationasafactorthatcanbeinvolvedinetiopathogenesisofPSX.

简介：AIM:ToanalyzecasesofobstructionofthenasolacrimalductwhichcreatesafertileenvironmentforsecondarybacterialInfectionandcanresultindacryocystitis,whichisaconstantthreattocorneaandorbitalsofttissueandapotentialsourceofendophthalmitisfollowingintraocularsurgery.Themajorityofobstructionsofthelacrimalexcretoryoutflowsystemareacquiredonesoccurringinadulthoodandinvolvingthedistalpartsofthesystem.Acquiredobstructionmaybeprimary/idiopathicorsecondarytoawidevarietyofinfectious,inflammatory,traumatic,mechanical,toxicorneoplasticcausesmimickingidiopathicinflammation.Thesecasesaretreatedbydacryocystorhinostomy(DCR).METHODS:Thepresentstudywasconductedtodeterminethehistopathologic,immunohistochemicalandcurrentmicrobiologiccharacteristicsoflacrimalsacspecimensinpatientsundergoingexternaldacryocystorhinostomy.RESULTS:Non-specificlacrimalsacpathologywaspresentinall33casesand81.8%ofthecasesshowedmoderatechronicinflammationwithachronicinflammatoryscore(CIS)rangingbetween4and6,whereas12.12%showedsevereinflammatorychangeswithaCISof7.Milddegreeofinflammationwasseenin6.06%withaCISof3.Thetotalprevalenceofgrampositive,gram-negative,andculture-negativesampleswere59.4%,37.5%,and3%respectively.CONCLUSION:Non-specificchronicinflammationwithfibrosisisindeedthemostcommonlyreportedhistopathologicalfindinginlacrimalsacwallbiopsyspecimens.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatetheeffectofintravitrealinjectionofDL-alpha-aminoadipicacid(DL-α-AAA)onocularrefractivestateandretinaldopamine,transforminggrowthfactor-β2(TGFβ2),vasoactiveintestinalpolypeptide(VIP)inguineapigform-deprivedmyopia.METHODS:Four-week-oldpigmentedguineapigswererandomlyassignedto4groups:normalcontrol,deprivation,deprivationplusDL-α-AAA,deprivationplussaline.Formdeprivationwasinducedwiththeself-madetranslucenteyeshields,andlastedfor14days.8μgDL-α-AAAwasinjectedintothevitreouschamberofdeprivedeyes.Thecornealradiusofcurvature,refractionandaxiallengthweremeasured.Retinaldopaminecontentwasevaluatedbythehigh-performanceliquidchromatographywithelectrochemicaldetection,andTGFβ2andVIPproteinweredetectedbyWesternblotting.RESULTS:Fourteendaysofeyeocclusioncausedtheaxiallengthtoelongateandbecomemyopicintheform-deprivedeyes,withthedecreaseofretinaldopamineandtheincreaseofTGFβ2andvasoactiveintestinalpolypeptide(VIP)protein.IntravitrealinjectionofDL-α-AAAcouldinhibitthemyopicshiftfrom(-3.65±1.06)Dto(-1.48±0.63)D,P<0.01duetogogglesoccludingandcausethedecreaseofretinalTGFβ2proteininthedeprivedeyes.However,intravitrealinjectionofDL-α-AAAhadnosignificanteffectonretinaldopamineandVIPproteinindeprivedeyes.RetinalTGFβ2proteincorrelatedhighlywiththeocularrefraction(y=-3.34+0.31/x,F=74.75,P<0.001)andaxiallength(y=8.39-0.02/x,F=48.32,P<0.001)indifferenttreatmentgroups.·CONCLUSION:IntravitrealinjectionofDL-α-AAAiseffectivelyabletosuppressthedevelopmentofformdeprivationmyopia,whichmaybeassociatedwithretinalTGFβ2proteininguineapigs.

简介：AIM:ToinvestigatetheexpressionsoftypeIcollagen,α2integrinandβ1integrinintheposteriorscleraofguineapigswithdefocusmyopiaandwhetherbasicfibroblastgrowthfactor(bFGF)injectioninhibitstheformationanddevelopmentofmyopiabyupregulatingtheexpressionoftypeIcollagen,α2integrinandβ1integrin.METHODS:After14daysoftreatment,therefractivestateandaxiallengthweremeasuredandthelevelsoftypeIcollagen,α2integrinandβ1integrinwereassayedintheposteriorscleraeofgroupsofguineapigsthatworeamonocular-7Dpolymethylmethacrylate(PMMA)lensorhad-7DlenswearfollowedbytheperibulbarinjectionofPhosphateBufferSolution(PBS)orbFGF.Theuntreatedfelloweyeservedasacontrol.Guineapigswithnotreatmentservedasnormalgroup.·RESULTS:Theresultsshowedthat14daysofmonoculardefocusincreasedaxialeyelengthandrefraction,whilebFGFdeliveryinhibitedthemmarkedly.Further,itwasalsofoundthatthemonocular-7DlenscoulddecreasethelevelsoftypeIcollagen,α2integrinandβ1integrinexpressions,while,unlikePBS,bFGFincreasedthemsignificantlyincomparisontocontralateralcontroleyesandnormaleyes.CONCLUSION:bFGFcanpreventtheformationanddevelopmentofdefocusmyopiabyupregulatingtheexpressionsoftypeIcollagen,α2integrinandβ1integrin.Takentogether,ourresultsdemonstratethatbFGFpromotesscleraremodelingtopreventmyopiainguineapigs.

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简介：胎教的真谛在于激发胎宝宝的潜力常常听到一些爸爸妈妈埋怨：“我们当初积极胎教，又是唱歌又是听音乐．忙活了半天也没生出个神童来。”也有不少人有一种误解，认为胎教的目的是为了培育小天才，创造奇迹。这些言语和想法都对胎教产生了不切实际的奢望。

简介：急性胃肠性呕吐在临床上是常见的症状，诊断占主导地位与临床治疗密切相关，临床医师必须亲自询问病史，根据发病时间、进食、呕吐物的特点、性质、伴随症状加以鉴别诊断，然后再查找呕吐的原因，是反射性还是中枢性，最后确定属于哪个系统的疾病所引起的，配合辅助检查以明确诊断。

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简介：Oculardrugtransportbarriersposeachallengefordrugdeliverycomprisingtheocularsurfaceepithelium,thetearfilmandinternalbarriersoftheblood-aqueousandblood-retinabarriers.Oculardrugdeliveryefficiencydependsonthebarriersandtheclearancefromthechoroidal,conjunctivalvesselsandlymphatic.Traditionaldrugadministrationreducestheclinicalefficacyespeciallyforpoorwatersolublemoleculesandfortheposteriorsegmentoftheeye.Nanoparticles(NPs)havebeendesignedtoovercomethebarriers,increasethedrugpenetrationatthetargetsiteandprolongthedruglevelsbyfewinternalsofdrugadministrationsinlowerdoseswithoutanytoxicitycomparedtotheconventionaleyedrops.Withtheaidofhighspecificityandmultifunctionality,DNANPscanberesultedinhighertransfectionefficiencyforgenetherapy.NPscouldtargetatcornea,retinaandchoroidbysurficialapplicationsandintravitrealinjection.ThisreviewisconcernedwithrecentfindingsandapplicationsofNPsdrugdeliverysystemsforthetreatmentofdifferenteyediseases.

简介：AIM:ToidentifythefunctionofST2andexploretheroleofIL-33/ST2signalinginregulatingthepro-allergiccytokineproductioninhumancornealepithelialcells(HCECs).METHODS:HumancornealtissuesandculturedprimaryHCECsweretreatedwithIL-33indifferentconcentrationswithoutorwithdifferentinhibitorstoevaluatetheexpression,locationandsignalingpathwaysofST2inregulatingproductionofpro-allergiccytokineandchemokine.TheexpressionofmRNAwasdeterminedbyreversetranscriptionandrealtimePCR,andproteinproductionwasmeasuredbyenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay(ELISA),immunohistochemicalandimmunofluorescentstaining.ST2proteinwasdetectedindonorcornealepithelium,andST2signalwasenhancedbyexposuretoIL-33.·RESULTS:IL-33significantlystimulatedproductionofpro-allergiccytokinesthymicstromallymphopoietin(TSLP)andchemokine(CCL2,CCL20,CCL22)inHCECsatbothmRNAandproteinlevels.Thesestimulatedproductionsofpro-allergicmediatorsbyIL-33wereblockedbyST2antibodyorsolubleST2protein(P<0.05).Interestingly,theIκB-αinhibitorBAY11-7082orNF-κBactivationinhibitorquinazolineblockedNF-κBp65proteinnucleartranslocation,andalsosuppressedtheproductionsofthesepro-allergiccytokinesandchemokineinducedbyIL-33.CONCLUSION:ThesefindingsdemonstratethatIL-33/ST2signalingplaysanimportantroleinregulatingIL-33inducedpro-allergicresponses.IL-33andST2couldbecomenovelmoleculartargetsfortheinterventionofallergicdiseasesinocularsurface.

简介：AIM:ToInvestigatetheeffectsoftransforminggrowthfactorβ2(TGF-β2)andconnectivetissuegrowthfactor(CTGF)ontransdifferentiationofhumanlensepithelialcells(HLECs)culturedinvitroandsynthesisofextracellularmatrix(ECM).METHODS:HLECsweretreatedwithTGF-β2(0,0.5,1.0,5,10μg/L)andCTGF(0,15,30,60,100μg/L)fordifferenttimes(0,24,48,72h)invitroandtheexpressionofα-smoothmuscleactin(α-SMA),themaincomponentoftheextracellularmatrixtypeⅠcollagen(Col-1)andfibronectin(Fn)weremeasuredbyusingreal-timepolymerasechainreaction(PCR)andwestern-blot.RESULTS:TGF-β2andCTGFsignificantlyincreasedexpressionofα-SMAmRNAandprotein(P<0.05,P<0.001),FnmRNAandprotein(P<0.001),Col-1mRNAandprotein(P<0.001).TGF-β2couldinduceHLECsexpressionofCTGFmRNAandproteinindosedependentmanner(P<0.05,P<0.001).TGF-β2andCTGFcouldinduceHLECstoexpressα-SMA,FnandCol-1intime-dependentmanner.EachtimeofTGF-β2andCTGFinducedHELCsexpressionofα-SMA,Fn,Col-1mRNAandproteinwassignificantincreasecomparedwithcontrol(P<0.05,P<0.001).CONCLUSION:TGF-β2andCTGFcouldinduceHLECsepithelialmesenchymaltransitionandECMsynthesis.

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简介：摘要随着社会的发展，人们生活水平的不断提高。以人为本，促进全社会的健康水平及构建和谐社会已经成为当今政治生活中的重中之重。孕产妇对现代化护理也提出了越来越高的要求，这就要求从事产科护理人员、助产士的护理模式、护理理念都要更新，要根据孕产妇的人、身、心、社会、文化需要提供全方位的优质护理。尤其是心理护理越来越被人们所重视。心理护理是医务工作者以心理学的理论为根据，以良好的医患关系为基础，消除产妇对分娩的恐惧、紧张和焦虑。心理护理是一门艺术，为了使每个人能在最佳心理状态下接受治疗和护理。对产妇使用安慰鼓励性的语言，实际上就是对产妇心理上的支持。

简介：摘要血液透析心理护理随着血液透析技术的成熟和提高，越来越多的尿毒症患者选择了血液透析。由于长期受病痛折磨，加上透析不良反应和并发症，给病人带来身体和精神上的巨大痛苦，大多数患者负性心理严重，影响其生活质量。现对我院就诊的22例病人进行心理分析，以寻找最佳的护理方法。

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简介：在英美留学工作的日子里，无时无刻不惦记中国的食物。真正回国满身热血地投入到美食行业后，发现儿时记忆中的中国饮食与食品安全全然不同我原本所想的。在做《青椒与红椒》美食节目的这些年来，采访过的米其林餐厅以及知名大厨数不胜数，倘若问他们：“美味食物的奥秘到底是什么？”