简介：Cancertreatmentfailure,drugresistance,ormetastaticrecurrencearethoughttobecausedmainlybytheexistenceofaverysmallnumberofcancerstemcells(CSCs).Thecharacteristicsofthissubgroupofcellsincludeself-renewal,tumorigenesis,multipledifferentiationandhighinvasiveness,metastasis,anddrugresistancepotential.ManystudieshavedemonstratedthatCSCsplayimportantrolesintumorgrowth,spreadandmetastaticrelapseaftertreatment,andarecloselyrelatedtotheprognosisofpatients.Fromatherapeuticviewpoint,deepinsightsintotheCSCsbiology,developmentofspecifictherapeuticstrategiesfortargetingCSCs,andcharacterizationoftheirmicroenvironmentcouldbeanidealwaytocombatcancer.

简介：AccordingtoGLOBOCAN2012,livercanceristhesixthmostcommoncancerintheworld.Therewere782,000newcasesdiagnosedin2012,with50%inChinaalone.Livercanceristhesecondmostcommoncauseofcancerdeathworldwideanditsprognosisisverypoor.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)declared745,517deathscausedbylivercancerin2012,withmorethanhalffromChina~1.

简介：Humanendogenousretroviruses(HERVs)areretrovirusesthatinfectedhumangenomemillionsofyearsagoandhavepersistedthroughouthumanevolution.About8%ofourgenomeiscomposedofHERVs,mostofwhicharenonfunctionalbecauseofepigeneticcontrolordeactivatingmutations.However,acorrelationbetweenHERVsandhumancancerhasbeendescribedandmanytumors,suchasmelanoma,breastcancer,germcelltumors,renalcancerorovariancancer,expressHERVproteins,mainlyHERV-K(HML6)andHERV-K(HML2).AlthoughthecausativeroleofHERVsincanceriscontroversial,datafromanimalmodelsdemonstratedthatendogenousretrovirusesarepotentiallyoncogenic.HERVproteinexpressioninhumancellsgeneratesanimmuneresponsebyactivatinginnateandadaptiveimmunities.SomeHERV-derivedpeptideshaveantigenicproperties.Forexample,HERV-K(HML-6)encodestheHER-KMELpeptiderecognizedbyCD8+lymphocytes.Inaddition,HERVsaretwoedgedimmunomodulators.HERVsshowimmunosuppressiveactivity.Thepresenceofgenomicretroviralelementsinhost-cellcytosolmayactivateaninterferontypeIresponse.Therefore,targetingHERVsthroughcellularvaccinesorimmunomodulatorydrugscombinedwithcheckpointinhibitorsisattractinginterestbecausetheycouldbeactiveinhumantumors.

简介：AsreadersofCancerBiologyandMedicinewellknow,therehasbeenaseismicshiftinhumanmolecularbiologyoverthepastfewyears,asmomentousinitsownwayasthediscoveryofthedouble-helicalstructureofDNAbyWatsonandCrick60yearsago,theelucidationofthegeneticcodeshortlythereafter,theadventofrecombinantDNAandgenecloning

简介：Colorectalcancer(CRC)isthesecondmostcommoncancerinwomenandthethirdmostcommoninmenglobally.CRCarisesfromoneoracombinationofchromosomalinstability,CpGislandmethylatorphenotype,andmicrosatelliteinstability.Geneticinstabilityisusuallycausedbyaneuploidyandlossofheterozygosity.Mutationsinthetumorsuppressororcellcyclegenesmayalsoleadtocellulartransformation.Similarly,epigeneticand/orgeneticalterationsresultinginimpairedcellularpathways,suchasDNArepairmechanism,mayleadtomicrosatelliteinstabilityandmutatorphenotype.Non-codingRNAs,moreimportantlymicroRNAsandlongnon-codingRNAshavealsobeenimplicatedatvariousCRCstages.Understandingthespecificmechanismsoftumorigenesisandtheunderlyinggeneticandepigenetictraitsiscriticalincomprehendingthediseasephenotype.Thispaperreviewsthesemechanismsalongwiththerolesofvariousnon-codingRNAsinCRCs.

简介：

简介：Epithelialovariancancerrepresentsthemostlethalgynecologicalmalignancyinthedevelopedworld,andcanbedividedintofivemainhistologicalsubtypes:highgradeserous,endometrioid,clearcell,mucinousandlowgradeserous.Thesesubtypesrepresentdistinctdiseaseentities,bothclinicallyandatthemolecularlevel.Molecularanalysishasrevealedsignificantgeneticheterogeneityinovariancancer,particularlywithinthehighgradeseroussubtype.Assuch,thissubtypehasbeenthefocusofmuchresearchefforttodate,revealingmolecularsubgroupsatboththegenomicandtranscriptomiclevelthathaveclinicalimplications.However,stratificationofovariancancerpatientsbasedontheunderlyingbiologyoftheirdiseaseremainsinitsinfancy.Here,wesummarizethemolecularchangesthatcharacterizethefivemainovariancancersubtypes,highlightpotentialopportunitiesfortargetedtherapeuticinterventionandoutlineprioritiesforfutureresearch.

简介：Natureisarichsourceofmedicinalplantsandtheirproductsthatareusefulfortreatmentofvariousdiseasesanddisorders.Momordicacharantia,commonlyknownasbittermelonorbittergourd,isoneofsuchplantsknownforitsbiologicalactivitiesusedintraditionalsystemofmedicines.Thisplantiscultivatedinallovertheworld,includingtropicalareasofAsia,Amazon,eastAfrica,andtheCaribbeanandusedasavegetableaswellasfolkmedicine.Allpartsoftheplant,includingthefruit,arecommonlyconsumedandcookedwithdifferentvegetables,stir-fried,stuffedorusedinsmallquantitiesinsoupsorbeanstogiveaslightlybitterflavorandtaste.Theplantisreportedtopossessanti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer,anti-diabetic,anti-bacterial,anti-obesity,andimmunomodulatoryactivities.Theplantextractinhibitscancercellgrowthbyinducingapoptosis,cellcyclearrest,autophagyandinhibitingcancerstemcells.Theplantisrichinbioactivechemicalconstituentslikecucurbitanetypetriterpenoids,triterpeneglycosides,phenolicacids,flavonoids,essentialoils,saponins,fattyacids,andproteins.Someoftheisolatedcompounds(KuguacinJ,KaravilosideXI,KuguaglycosideC,MomordicosideQ-U,Charantin,α-eleostearicacid)andproteins(α-Momorcharin,RNaseMC2,MAP30)possesspotentbiologicalactivity.Inthepresentreview,wearesummarizingtheanti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,andanti-canceractivitiesofMomordicacharantiaalongwithashortaccountofimportantchemicalconstituents,providingabasisforestablishingdetailbiologicalactivitiesoftheplantanddevelopingnoveldrugmoleculesbasedontheactivechemicalconstituents.

简介：Objective:Population-basedcancerregistrationdatain2012fromallavailablecancerregistriesinHenanprovincewerecollectedbyHenanOfficeforCancerResearchandControl.ThenumbersofnewcancercasesandcancerdeathsinHenanprovincewithcompiledcancerincidenceandmortalityrateswereestimated.Methods:In2015,allregistries'datainHenanprovincewerequalifiedforthenationalcancerregistryannualreportin2012.Thepooleddatawerestratifiedbyarea(urban/rural),gender,agegroup(0,1-4,5-9,10-14,…,85+)andcancertype.Newcancercasesanddeathswereestimatedusingage-specificratesandcorrespondingpopulationofHenanprovincein2012.TheChinesecensusdatain2000andSegi'spopulationwereappliedforage-standardizedrates.Alltherateswereexpressedper100,000person-years.Results:Qualified19cancerregistries(4urbanand15ruralregistries)covered16,082,688populationsofHenanprovincein2012.Thepercentageofcaseswithmorphologicallyverified(MV%)anddeathcertificateonlycases(DCO%)were69.84%and2.30%,respectively,andthemortalitytoincidencerateratio(M/I)was0.64.Itwasestimatedthattherewere248,510newcancercasesand158,630cancerdeathsinHenanprovincein2012.Theincidenceratewas266.17/100,000(288.61/100,000inmalesand241.86/100,000infemales),theage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were208.95/100,000and206.41/100,000withthecumulativeincidencerate(0-74yearsold)of24.30%.Thecrudeincidencerateinurbanareaswashigherthanthatinruralareas.However,afteradjustedbyage,thecancerincidencerateinruralwashigherthanthatinurbanareas.ThecrudemortalityofallcancersinHenanprovincewas169.90/100,000(201.23/100,000inmalesand135.95/100,000infemales).Theage-standardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)were131.20/100,000and130.80/100,000,respect

简介：Objective:Population-basedcancerregistrationdatain2012fromallavailablecancerregistriesinGansuprovincewerecollectedbytheCentralCancerRegistryofGansu.ThenumbersofnewcancercasesandcancerdeathsinGansuprovincewithcompiledcancerincidenceandmortalityrateswereestimated.Methods:In2015,datafrom7registriesinGansuprovincewerequalified.Thepooleddatawerestratifiedbyarea(urban/rural),gender,agegroup(0,1-4,5-9,10-14,…,85+)andcancertype.Newcancercasesanddeathswereestimatedusingage-specificratesandcorrespondingpopulationofGansuprovincein2012.TheChinesecensusdatain2000andSegi'spopulationwereappliedforage-standardizedrates.Alltherateswereexpressedper100,000person-years.Results:Qualified7cancerregistries(3urbanand4ruralregistries)covered2,956,560populationsofGansuprovincein2012.Thepercentageofcasesmorphologicallyverified(MV%)anddeathcertificate-onlycases(DCO%)were72.41%and1.65%,respectively,andthemortalitytoincidencerateratio(M/I)was0.63.Itwasestimatedthattherewere575,600newcancercasesand331,300cancerdeathsinGansuprovincein2012.Theincidenceratewas223.29/100,000(244.14/100,000inmalesand201.50/100,000infemales),theage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were208.95/100,000and206.41/100,000withthecumulativeincidencerate(0-74yearsold)of22.49%.Thecrudeincidencerateinurbanareaswasequaltothatinruralareas.However,afteradjustedbyage,thecancerincidencerateinurbanwasthesameasthatofruralareas.ThecrudemortalityinGansuprovincewas128.54/100,000(135.04/100,000inmalesand124.43/100,000infemales),theage-standardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)were109.54/100,000and108.44/100,000,respectively,andthecumulativemortalityrate(0-74yearsold)was12.91%.Thecrudecancer

简介：Colorectalcancer（CRC）isthethirdmostcommoncancerdiagnosedworldwideinhumanbeings.Surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapyandtargetedtherapiesaretheconventionalfourapproacheswhicharecurrentlyusedforthetreatmentofCRC.Thesitespecificdeliveryofchemotherapeuticstotheirsiteofactionwouldincreaseeffectivenesswithreducingsideeffects.Targetedoraldrugdeliverysystemsbasedonpolysaccharidesarebeinginvestigatedtotargetanddeliverchemotherapeuticandchemopreventiveagentsdirectlytocolonandrectum.Site-specificdrugdeliverytocolonincreasesitsconcentrationatthetargetsite,andthusrequiresalowerdoseandhenceabridgedsideeffects.Somenoveltherapiesarealsobrieflydiscussedinarticlesuchasreceptor（epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor,folatereceptor,wheatgermagglutinin,VEGFreceptor,hyaluronicacidreceptor）basedtargetingtherapy;colontargetedproapoptoticanticancerdrugdeliverysystem,genetherapy.EventhoughgoodtreatmentoptionsareavailableforCRC,theultimatetherapeuticapproachistoaverttheincidenceofCRC.ItwasalsofoundthatCRCscouldbepreventedbydietandnutritionsuchascalcium,vitaminD,curcumin,quercetinandfishoilsupplements.ImmunotherapyandvaccinationareusednowadayswhichareshowingbetterresultsagainstCRC.

简介：Esophagealandgastriccancer(GC)arerelatedtoobesityandbariatricsurgery.Riskfactors,suchasgastroesophagealrefluxandHelicobacterpylori,mustbeinvestigatedandtreatedinobesepopulation.Aftersurgery,GCreportsareanecdotalandtreatmentisnotstandardized.ThisreviewaimstodiscussGCrelatedtoobesitybeforeandafterbariatricsurgery.

简介：Photothermalcancertherapyisanalternativetochemotherapy,radiotherapy,andsurgery.Withthedevelopmentofnanophotothermalagents,thistherapyholdsimmensepotentialinclinicaltranslation.However,thetoxicityissuesderivedfromthefactthatnanomaterialsaretrappedandretainedinthereticuloendothelialsystemslimittheirbiomedicalapplication.Developingbiodegradablephotothermalagentsisthemostpracticalroutetoaddresstheseconcerns.Inadditiontothephysicochemicalpropertiesofnanomaterials,variousinternalandexternalstimuliplaykeyrolesonnanomaterialsuptake,transport,andclearance.Inthisreview,wesummarizednovelnanoplatformsforphotothermaltherapy;thesenanoplatformscanelicitstimuli-triggereddegradation.Wefocusedontherecentinnovativedesignsendowedwithbiodegradablephotothermalagentsunderdifferentstimuli,includingenzyme,pH,andnear-infrared(NIR)laser.

简介：Withtheexpansionofthegeneexpressionprofiledatabase,inthecaseofaslittleaspossibletoloseinformationortoretainthemostcriticalinformation,geneextractionhasbecomeamaindirectionforthescholars.Thispaperexcludes1561irrelevantgenesthroughthedefinitionofweighteddistancefirstly,andthenremoves252redundantgenesbyPearson'scorrelationcoefficient.Finallybycomparingthetwomethods,stepwiseregressionafterclusteringandonlystepwiseanalysis,weobtainthebestcombinationof8genes.

简介：Objective:Population-basedcancerregistrationdatain2012fromallavailablecancerregistriesinShandongprovincewerecollectedbyShandongCenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention(SDCDC).SDCDCestimatedthenumbersofnewcancercasesandcancerdeathsinShandongprovincewithcompiledcancerincidenceandmortalityrates.Methods:In2015,therewere21cancerregistriessubmitteddataofcancerincidenceanddeathsoccurredin2012.AllthedatawerecheckedandevaluatedbasedontheNationalCentralCancerRegistry(NCCR)criteriaofdataquality.Qualifieddatafrom15registrieswereusedforcancerstatisticsanalysisasprovincialestimation.Thepooleddatawerestratifiedbyarea(urban/rural),gender,agegroup(0,1-4,5-9,10-14,…,85+years)andcancertype.Newcancercasesanddeathswereestimatedusingage-specificratesandcorrespondingprovincialpopulationin2012.TheChinesecensusdatain2000andSegi'spopulationwereappliedforage-standardizedrates.Alltherateswereexpressedper100,000person-year.Results:Qualified15cancerregistries(4urbanand11ruralregistries)covered17,189,988populations(7,486,039inurbanand9,703,949inruralareas).Thepercentageofcasesmorphologicallyverified(MV%)anddeathcertificate-onlycases(DCO%)were66.12%and2.93%,respectively,andthemortalitytoincidencerateratio(M/I)was0.60.Atotalof253,060newcancercasesand157,750cancerdeathswereestimatedinShandongprovincein2012.Theincidenceratewas263.86/100,000(303.29/100,000inmales,223.23/100,000infemales),theage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were192.42/100,000and189.50/100,000withthecumulativeincidencerate(0-74yearsold)of22.07%.Thecancerincidence,ASIRCandASIRWinurbanareaswere267.64/100,000,195.27/100,000and192.02/100,000comparedto262.32/100,000,191.26/100,000and188.48/100,000inruralareas,respectively.Thecancermortalitywas164.47/100,

简介：Objective:Toestimatethecancerincidenceandmortalityin2012inGuangdongprovincebyanalyzingthecancerdataofselectedpopulation-basedcancerregistriesinGuangdongprovincein2012.Methods:Eightofninepopulation-basedcancerregistriessubmittedcancerdatatotheGuangdongProvincialCentreforDiseaseControlandPrevention(GuangdongCDC),whosedatametthedataqualitycriteriawereincludedforanalysis.Thestatisticsofselectedregistries,stratifiedbyareas,gender,ageandcancertypes,wereusedtoestimatethecancerincidenceandmortalityin2012inGuangdongprovinceaccordingtothepopulationdatainGuangdongprovince.Segi'spopulationandthenationalcensuspopulationin2000wereusedforcalculatingtheage-standardizedrates(ASR).Results:Atotalof15,084,942people,accountedfor17.47%ofallpopulationinGuangdongprovince,werecoveredin8selectedpopulation-basedcancerregistriesin2012.Thepercentageofcasesmorphologicallyverified(MV%)andthepercentageofdeathcertificate-onlycases(DCO%)were72.84%and0.87%,respectively,andthemortality/incidence(M/I)ratiowas0.56.Itwasestimatedthattherewere211,300newcancercasesand117,300cancerdeaths.Theincidencecruderate(CR),theASRbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASRW),andtheaccumulatedrate(AR)(0-74years)were250.20/100,000(265.39/100,000inmales,234.29/100,000infemales),207.04/100,000,201.34/100,000and22.91%,respectively,inGuangdongprovincein2012.TheincidenceCRandASRCwere267.25/100,000and221.43/100,000inurbanareas,and215.51/100,000and178.77/100,000inruralareas,respectively.ThedeathCR,ASRC,ASRWandAR(0-74years)were148.44/100,000(190.95/100,000inmales,105.06/100,000infemales),103.73/100,000,102.44/100,000and11.68%,respectively,inGuangdongprovincein2012.ThedeathCRandASRCwere164.57/100,000and105.46/100,000inurbanareas,and124.63/100,000and99.97/100,000inruralareas,respectivel

简介：Sonodynamictherapy(SDT)isanemergingapproachthatinvolvesacombinationoflow-intensityultrasoundandspecializedchemicalagentsknownassonosensitizers.Ultrasoundcanpenetratedeeplyintotissuesandcanbefocusedintoasmallregionofatumortoactivateasonosensitizerwhichoffersthepossibilityofnon-invasivelyeradicatingsolidtumorsinasite-directedmanner.Inthisarticle,wecriticallyreviewedthecurrentlyacceptedmechanismsofsonodynamicactionandsummarizedtheclassificationofsonosensitizers.Atthesametime,thebreathofevidencefromSDT-basedstudiessuggeststhatSDTispromisingforcancertreatment.

简介：IntravesicalBacillusCalmette-Guérin(BCG)haslongbeenthegoldstandardtreatmentofnonmuscleinvasivebladdercancer.Recently,therehasbeenanemergenceofnovelimmunotherapeuticagents,whichhaveshownpromiseinthetreatmentofurothelialcellcarcinoma.Theseagentsaimtoaugment,modify,orenhancetheimmuneresponse.SuchstrategiesincluderecombinantBCG,monoclonalantibodies,vaccines,genetherapy,andadoptiveT-celltherapy.Here,wereviewtheemergingimmunotherapeuticsinthetreatmentofnonmuscleinvasivebladdercancer.

简介：Nanotechnologyprovidesvariousnanomaterialswithtremendousfunctionalitiesforcancerdiagnosticsandtherapeutics.Recently,theranosticshasbeendevelopedasanalternativestrategyforefficientcancertreatmentthroughcombinationofimagingdiagnosisandtherapeuticinterventionsundertheguidanceofdiagnosticresults.Ultrasound(US)imagingshowsuniqueadvantageswithexcellentfeaturesofreal-timeimaging,lowcost,highsafetyandportability,makingUScontrastagents(UCAs)anidealplatformforconstructionofcancertheranosticagents.ThisreviewfocusesonthedevelopmentofnanomaterialsincorporatedmultifunctionalUCAsservingastheranosticagentsforcancerdiagnosticsandtherapeutics,viaconjugationofsuperparamagneticironoxidenanoparticles(SPIOs),CuSnanoparticles,DNA,siRNA,goldnanoparticles(GNPs),goldnanorods(GNRs),goldnanoshell(GNS),grapheneoxides(GOs),polypyrrole(PPy)nanocapsules,Prussianblue(PB)nanoparticlesandsoontodifferenttypesofUCAs.Thecancertreatmentcouldbemoreeffectivelyandaccuratelycarriedoutundertheguidanceandmonitoringwiththehelpoftheachievedtheranosticagents.Furthermore,nanomaterialsincorporatedtheranosticagentsbasedonUCAscanbedesignedandconstructedbydemandforpersonalizedandaccuratetreatmentofcancer,demonstratingtheirgreatpotentialtoaddressthechallengesofcancerheterogeneityandadaptation,whichcanprovidealternativestrategiesforcancerdiagnosisandtherapeutics.

简介：Objective:ThisstudyestimatesthenumbersofnewcancercasesandcancerdeathsinHebeiprovinceusingincidenceandmortalitydatafrom9population-basedcancerregistriesin2012.Methods:Thedataofnewdiagnosedcancercasesandcancerdeathsin2012werecollectedfrom9population-basedcancerregistriesofHebeiprovincein2015.AllthedatamettheNationalCentralCancerRegistryofChina(NCCR)criteriaofdataquality.Thepooleddataanalysiswasstratifiedbyareas(urban/rural),gender,agegroup(0,1-4,5-9,10-14,…,85+)andcancertype.NewcancercasesanddeathsinHebeiprovincewereestimatedusingage-specificratesandcorrespondingprovincialpopulationin2012.The10mostcommoncancersindifferentgroupsandthecumulativerateswerecalculated.Chinesepopulationcensusin2000andSegi'spopulationwereusedforage-standardizedincidence/mortalityrates.Results:Allcancerregistriescovered4,986,847populations,6.84%ofHebeiprovincialpopulation(2,098,547inurbanand2,888,300inruralareas).Thepercentageofcasesmorphologicallyverified(MV%)anddeathcertificate-onlycases(DCO%)were76.40%and4.72%,respectively.Themortalitytoincidencerateratio(M/I)was0.64.In2012,itisestimatedthattherewereabout187,900newdiagnosedcancercasesand119,800cancerdeathsinHebeiprovince.Theincidencerateofcancerwas258.12/100,000(275.75/100,000inmales,239.78/100,000infemales),andtheage-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were210.65/100,000and208.50/100,000,withthecumulativeincidencerates(0-74yearsold)of24.46%.ThecancerincidenceandASIRCwere256.99/100,000and211.32/100,000inurbanareasand258.94/100,000and209.99/100,000inruralareas,respectively.Thecancermortalityratewas164.63/100,000(201.85/100,000inmales,125.92/100,000infemales).AgestandardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)w