简介：Thereliabilityoftheproductsoldunderawarrantyisusuallymaintainedbythemanufacturerduringthewarrantyperiod.Aftertheexpiryofthewarranty,however,theconsumerconfrontsaproblemabouthowtomaintainthereliabilityoftheproduct.Thispaperproposes,fromtheconsumer’sperspective,areplacementpolicyaftertheextendedwarranty,undertheassumptionthattheproductissoldundertherenewablefreereplacementwarranty(RFRW)policyinwhichthereplacementisdependentontherepair-costthreshold.Theproposedreplacementpolicyisthereplacementaftertheextendedwarrantyisperformedbytheconsumerbasedontherepair-costthresholdorpreventivereplacement(PR)age,whicharedecisionvariables.Theexpectedcostratemodelisderivedfromtheconsumer’sperspective.Theexistenceanduniquenessoftheoptimalsolutionthatminimizestheexpectedcostrateperunittimeareoffered.Finally,anumericalexampleispresentedtoexemplifytheproposedmodel.

简介：Inthispaper,regulatoryandoptimumprogrammingmodelhasbeenadopted.Consideringthecostsofemissionreduction,supervisionandpenalty,wewentallouttoanalyzetheoptimaldecisionofcostefficiencyofregulatorswhenimplementingthesethreepolicyinstruments:carbonemissionstandards,carbonemissiontradingpermissions,andcarbontaxesaswell.Itsresulthasindicated:Instrictaccordancewithcontroltargetoftotalcarbonemissions,regulatorsarewillingtorendersocialandeconomiccostabletoachievethegoalofoptimalcostefficiencybyregulatingcarbonemissionstandardsandsupervisingmarginalcostcausedbyvariationsintheprobability;fortunately,undertheconditionsoflowsupervisorycostandcertaincriteriawhichismet,theimplementationofcarbonemissiontradingpermissionscouldprovidesocialandeconomiccostwithopportunitiestorealizethatobjective;throughcomparativeanalysis,carbonemissiontradingpermissionshavetheadvantagesofhigherefficiencythancarbonemissionstandardsonthepremiseofincompleteinformation.Duringtheimplementationofcarbontaxesstrategy,whenthereexistsuncertaintyinformationintheenterprisesreductionbehaviors,theconditionwhichenterprisescanfullycomplywithisthetaxratelevelisnothigherthanmarginalpenaltyfunction;thetaxratelevelofenterprisesperfectcomplianceoughtnottobelowerthanthedivisionofmarginalpenaltycostandmarginalsupervisorycost.Theoptimalstrategyofenterprisesimperfectcomplianceisthatregulatorsvaryingthemarginalcostofemissionstandardsisequaltovaryingthatofsupervisoryprobability.

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简介：Thisresearchisaimedtodevelopaconsumerdemandingsideresponsemodeltoassistelectricityconsumerstomitigatepeakdemandsduringthepeakseason.Themaincontributionofthisresearchisshowingthatconsumerscanmitigatepeakdemandsbyoptimizingenergycostsofanairconditioner(AC)whenaspikehappens.Itmayonlyoccurinaoneandahalfhoursspikeduringthepeakseason.ThismodelalsoinvestigateshowACappliesthepre-coolingmethodwhenthereisasubstantialriskofapricespike.Theresultsindicatethatthepotentialbenefitofthemodelisachievingenergysavingsforconsumersandaggregators,alsoreducingelectricitybillsfortheconsumers.Themodelistestedwithselectedcharacteristicsoftheroom,andbasedonthestandardroominaresidentialhouseinMakassar,acityofIndonesia.

简介：A10Gbit/s16-km-longreconfigurablewavelength-division-multiplexingpassiveopticalnetwork(WDM-PON)ispresentedempoweredbyalow-costmulti-channeldirectlymodulatedlaser(DML)module.Comparedwiththecaseusingdiscretedevicesinconventionalscheme,theproposedDMLmoduleprovidesacost-effectivesolutionwithreducedcomplexity.Thecleareyediagramandthebiterrorrate(BER)oflessthan2×10~(-7)withasensitivityof-7dBmareobtained.Duetothespecialpackagingdesign,thecrosstalkbetweenchannelsunderconditionofsimultaneousoperationcanbenegligible.

简介：Reducingthemanufacturingcostofsolarcellsisnecessarytotheirindustrialproduction.Electrodepositingisaneffective,non-vacuummethodwhichisverysuitableforcuttingthemanufacturingcostofthinfilmsaswellasdevelopingitslarge-scaleindustrialproduction.Inthisstudy,about1-μm-thickCu(In,Ga)Se_2(CIGS)precursorswereelectrodepositedonMo/glasssubstratesinaqueoussolutionutilizingathree-electrodepotentiostaticsystem.Triethanolaminewasusedascomplexingagent,andallparametersofelectrodepositionwerepreciselycontrolled.Afterthat,theelectrodepositedprecursorswereselenizedinaSeatmospherewithdifferentheatingramprates(60and600℃·min~(-1)).High-qualityCIGSfilmswereobtained,andtheircharacteristicswereinvestigatedbyX-rayfluorescence,scanningelectronmicroscopy,energydispersivespectroscopy,X-raydiffraction,Ramanspectraandnear-infrared-visible(NIR-Vis)spectra.Theresultsrevealthattherearemanydifferencesbetweenthepropertiesofthefilmsunderdifferentheatingrates.Finally,CIGSsolarcellswerefabricatedusingafastandaslowheatingrate.Themaximumefficienciesachievedforthefilmsselenizedat60and600℃-min~(-1)are3.15%and0.71%,respectively.

简介：Background:Replacementoffossilfuelbasedenergywithbiochar-basedbioenergyproductioncanhelpreducegreenhousegasemissionswhilemitigatingtheadverseimpactsofclimatechangeandglobalwarming.However,theproductionofbiochar-basedbioenergydependsonasustainablesupplyofbiomass.Although,NorthwesternOntariohasarichandsustainablesupplyofwoodybiomass,acomprehensivelifecyclecostandeconomicassessmentofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductiontechnologyhasnotbeendonesofarintheregion.Methods:Inthispaper,weconductedathoroughlifecyclecostassessment(LCCA)ofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductionanditslandapplicationunderfourdifferentscenarios:1)biocharproductionwithlowfeedstockavailability;2)biocharproductionwithhighfeedstockavailability;3)biocharproductionwithlowfeedstockavailabilityanditslandapplication;and4)biocharproductionwithhighfeedstockavailabilityanditslandapplication-usingSimaPro~,EIOLCA~softwareandspreadsheetmodeling.BasedontheLCCAresults,wefurtherconductedaneconomicassessmentforthebreak-evenandviabilityofthistechnologyovertheprojectperiod.Results:Itwasfoundthattheeconomicviabilityofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductionsystemwithinthelifecycleanalysissystemboundarybasedonstudyassumptionsisdirectlydependentoncostsofpyrolysis,feedstockprocessing(drying,grindingandpelletization)andcollectiononsiteandthevalueoftotalcarbonoffsetprovidedbythesystem.SensitivityanalysisoftransportationdistanceanddifferentvaluesofCoffsetshowedthatthesystemisprofitableincaseofhighbiomassavailabilitywithin200kmandwhenthecostofcarbonsequestrationexceedsCAD$60pertonneofequivalentcarbon(CO_2e).Conclusions:Biochar-basedbioenergysystemiseconomicallyviablewhenlifecyclecostsandenvironmentalassumptionsareaccountedfor.Thisstudyprovidesamediumscaleslow-pyrolysisplantscenarioandwerecommendsimilarexperimentswithlarge-scale