简介：AbstractThe petrous apex is a difficult to reach surgical area due to its deep position in the skull base and many vital surrounding structures. Petrous apex pathology ranges from extradural cholesterol granulomas, cholesteatomas, asymmetric pneumatization, and osteomyelitis to intradural meningiomas and schwannomas. Certain lesions, such as cholesterol granulomas, can be managed with drainage while neoplastic lesions must be completely resected. Surgical options use open, endoscopic, and combined techniques and are categorized into anterior, lateral, and posterior approaches. The choice of approach is determined by the nature of the pathology and location relative to vital structures and extension into surrounding structures and requires thorough preoperative evaluation and discussion of surgical goals with the patient. The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to discuss the most commonly used surgical approaches to the petrous apex, and the anatomy on which these approaches are based.

简介：ChinahasrecognizedthethreatofHIVtoitspopulationandrespondedwithanationalantiretroviraltreatment(ART)program.However,highARTfailureratesandthespreadofresistancewithinpopulationsareimportantrealitiestoconsiderwhendevelopingandmanagingARTprogramsinChinaandworldwide.Conceptswhichwilldefinetreatmentsuccessandlocalandnationalprogrammaticgoalsare1)accesstoART,2)durabilityofARTatthepatientlevel,3)scalabilityoftreatmentmodalities,andthe4)sustainabilityoftheprogramatthecommunityornationallevel.Inthefaceoflimitedresources,ChinamustalsoconsiderwhentostartARVtherapy,whichagentstouse,whentoswitchthem,andhowtotreathighlyexperiencedpatientswithdrugresistance.TheoptimalARVregimentostartwithischangingfrequentlywiththeintroductionofnewagentsandthepresentationofnewdata.Currently,aregimenincludingtenofovir,emtricitabineorlamivudineandanonnucleosidereversetranscriptaseinhibitorappearstohaveoptimalcharacteristicstotreatHIV/AIDSinChina.However,criticaltoallofthesechoicesistheevaluationofprogramsimplementedtoinsurewidescalesuccess.Chinahaswiselybegunthisprocessofevaluatingtheperformanceoflocalprogramsthroughsystematicmonitoringandevaluationoftreatmentoutcomes.Thiswillallowregimensandprogramsthatworktobeexpanded,andprogramswithhighfailureratestobeeliminated.Intheend,evidencebaseddatasupportingtreatmentstrategieswillallowChinatosuccessfullyconfrontitsAIDSepidemicearlyandpreventitstragicconsequences

简介：Theinductionofinfertilityinmalesofseveralspeciesthroughepididymalinterferenceismoredifficulttoachievebyreductionoftheamountsofepididymalsecretions(ega-glucosidase,L-camifine)orimmunologicalinterferencewithsecretedproteins(egD/E,P34H,P26h)thanbydirectactionsofdrugsonspermfunction(eginhibitionofglyceraldehyde3-phosphatedehydrogenasebychloro-compounds).Thelatterapproachholdspromiseformankindashumanspelmaresusceptibletoglycolyticinhibition.Futurecontraceptivedevelopmentsmayarisefromproductionoftargetedinhibitors,researchonthedisplacementofspermproteinsintheepididymisandinterferencewithspermplasmamembraneionchannels.(As/anJAndrof1999Jun;1:29-36)

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简介：这个工作介绍调查结果的评论进包装算法的一个数字地基于的粒子的能力，叫的DigiPac，在许多包装的列预言床结构，为通用小团的一个范围，形状经常在设计工业的化学药品和过程使用了。产生宏观的性质与从侵略、非破坏性的测量技术导出的试验性的数据相比。另外，通过产生的床结构的样品，液体速度分布用格子Boltzmann被分析方法(LBM)模拟并且从文学对试验性的数据被比较。

简介：RecentnovelapproachesinmyocardialperfusionsinglephotonemissionCT(SPECT)havebeenfacilitatedbynewdedicatedhigh-efficiencyhardwarewithsolid-statedetectorsandoptimizedcollimators.Newprotocolsincludeverylow-dose(1mSv)stress-only,two-positionimagingtomitigateattenuationartifacts,andsimultaneousdual-isotopeimaging.Attenuationcorrectioncanbeperformedbyspecializedlow-dosesystemsorbypreviouslyobtainedCTcoronarycalciumscans.HybridprotocolsusingCTangiographyhavebeenproposed.Imagequalityimprovementshavebeendemonstratedbynovelreconstructionsandmotioncorrection.FastSPECTacquisitionfacilitatesdynamicflowandearlyfunctionmeasurements.Imageprocessingalgorithmshavebecomeautomatedwithvirtuallyunsupervisedextractionofquantitativeimagingvariables.Thisautomationfacilitatesintegrationwithclinicalvariablesderivedbymachinelearningtopredictpatientoutcomeordiagnosis.Inthisreview,wedescribenewimagingprotocolsmadepossiblebythenewhardwaredevelopments.WealsodiscussseveralnovelsoftwareapproachesforthequantificationandinterpretationofmyocardialperfusionSPECTscans.

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简介：Salttoleranceisanimportantconstrainforrice,whichisgenerallycategorizedasatypicalglycophyte.Soilsalinityisoneofthemajorconstraintsaffectingriceproductionworldwide,especiallyinthecoastalareas.Susceptibilityortoleranceofriceplantstohighsalinityisacoordinatedactionofmultiplestressresponsivegenes,whichalsointeractswithothercomponentsofstresssignaltransductionpathways.Salttolerantvarietiescanbeproducedbymarker-assistedselectionorgeneticengineeringbyintroducingsalt-tolerancegenes.Inthisreview,wehaveupdatedonmechanismsandgeneswhichcanhelpintransferringofthesalttoleranceintohigh-yieldingricevarieties.Wehavefocusedontheneedforintegratingphenotyping,genomics,metabolicprofilingandphenomicsintotransgenicandbreedingapproachestodevelophigh-yieldingaswellassalttolerantricevarieties.

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简介：Objective:Todescribeseveralapproachesofearsurgeriesforexperimentalstudiesinrats.Methods:Anesthetizedratswerepreparedfordemonstrationofvariousearsurgeryapproachesdesignedtooptimizeexperimentaloutcomesinstudieswithspecificgoalsandexposurerequirements.Thesurgicalapproachesincludedtheposteriortympanum,superiortympanum,inferiortympanumandoccipitalapproaches.Results:Themiddleearcavityandinnerearweresuccessfullyexposedfromdifferentanglesviathementionedsurgicalapproaches.Forexample,electrodeplacementforrecordingofcochlearbioelectricresponseswaseasilyachievedthroughtheposteriortympanumorinferiortympanumapproach.Alternatively,drugdeliveryorgenetransfectionviaroundwindowmembranewasmosteasilyaccomplishedusingtheposteriortympanumapproach.Cochlearperfusionofprotectiveorototoxicdrugswasbestperformedusingtheinferiortympanumapproach.Ossicularchaininterruptiontoinduceaprolongedconductivehearinglosswasreadilyachievedusingasuperiortympanumapproach.Lastly,surgicaldestructionoftheendolymphaticsactoinduceexperimentalendolymphatichydropswasreadilyperformedviaanoccipitalsurgicalapproach.Conclusion:Thesestandardizedsurgicalapproachescanbeappliedinscientificstudiesoftheearwithdifferentpurposescoveringelectrophysiology,conductivehearingloss,intra-cochleardrugperfusionandexperimentalstudiesrelevanttoMeniere’sdisease.

简介：Ventriculartachycardia(VT)inthepresenceofstructuralheartdiseaseisassociatedwithsuddencardiacdeathandwarrantspromptattention.Implantablecardioverterdefibrillators(ICDs)whilehighlyeffectiveinterminatingsustainedventriculararrhythmiasandreducingmortality,havenoeffectonthearrhythmiasubstrateandrecurrentshocksforVTterminationoccurinapproximately20%ofpatients.Shocksworsenqualityoflifeandareassociatedwithprogressionofheartfailureandincreasedmortality.Antiarrhythmicdrugs,mainlyintheformofbeta-blockersoramiodarone,aremoderatelyeffectiveinreducingICDtherapiesbutdrugintoleranceandserioustoxicitiesofamiodaronenecessitatedrugcessationinaquarterofpatients.CatheterablationhasemergedasaneffectivetreatmentforcontroloffrequentVTepisodesandcanbelifesavingincasesofincessantVTorVTstorm.Asexperienceincreases,itisbeingusedincreasinglyearlier,ratherthanalastresorttherapy.Efficacyvarieswiththenatureoftheunderlyingheartdisease.Intramuralarrhythmiasubstrateandfailuretocreatepermanentablationlesionsremainchallengesandrepeatproceduresarenecessaryinathirdtoahalfofpatients.ForidiopathicVTsorPVCsthataresymptomaticorworsenLVfunction,catheterablationisoftenaneffectivetherapy.

简介：ＳｔｕｄｙＴｏｕｒｏｎＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙａｎｄＡｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ（Ｓｅｐｔ．１６－２９，１９９６）Ｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｔｏｕｒｗｉｌｌｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ４ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍｏｄｅｌｓｏｆｓｏｃｉａｌ／...

简介：房间趋于在本国的纸巾形成层次结构。在象癌症球状体和胚胎的身体那样的vitro的房间总数的形成提供一个唯一的工具在vivo学习机械性质和他们的对应物的生物行为/功能。在这份报纸，我们考察最先进的试验性的途径在vitro估计机械性质和房间总数的机械地导致的回答。这些途径根据装载形式被分类进五个范畴，包括micropipette渴望，centrifugation，装载的压缩，底层膨胀，和液体砍装载。我们讨论了每条途径，和潜在的生物医学的应用的优点和劣势。房间总数的机械行为的理解提供卓见给在生物功能的房间和正直之间的物理相互作用，它可以为象atheromatosis和癌症那样的疾病启用机械干预。

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简介：ThisSpecialSectiononLanguageandCognitionofJournalofElectronicScienceandTechnology(JEST)presentsacollectiveofstate-of-theartinterdisciplinaryresearchonlanguageandcognition.Itfeaturesempiricalandtheoreticalstudiesoncognitiveapproachestolanguage,usingavarietyofmethodologicalapproaches,frombehavioralmeasurestoneuroimaging.Thetopicsdiscussedarevaried,rangingfromlanguagecomprehensionandacquisitiontothelanguage-emotioninteractions,reflectingmarkedbroadeningoftheresearchagendainthisfield.Weinviteyetmoreintegratedresearchtomovethefieldforward.

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