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简介：人的社会的动力学现在在由城市创造的人工的环境的上下文正在学习。在这个工作，作者描述一些在复杂性科学过去常学习城市的系统的形式化方法。作者讨论一些在现在的科学研究注意一些最深的争吵的城市的重要量的途径。当学习这类合作社会环境时，作者将强调一条transdisciplinary途径的重要性。

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简介：Marineecologicalnicheshaverecentlybeendescribedas"particularlypromising"sourcesforsearchofnewantimicrobialstocombatantibiotic-resistantstrainsofpathogenicmicroorganisms.Marineorganismsareexcellentsourcesformanyindustrialproducts,buttheyarepartlyexplored.Over30000compoundshavebeenisolatedfrommarinesources.Bacteria,fungi,andcyanobacteriaobtainedfromvariousmarinesourcessecretseveralindustriallyusefulbioactivecompounds,possessingantibacterial,antifungal,andantimycobacterialactivities.Sustainablecultivationmethodsforpromisingmarineorganismsandbiotechnologicalprocessesforselectedcompoundscanbedeveloped,alongwiththeestablishmentofbiosensorsformonitoringthetargetcompounds.Thesemisyntheticmodificationsofmarine-basedbioactivecompoundsproducetheirnewderivatives,structuralanalogsandmimeticsthatcouldserveasnovelleadcompoundsagainstresistantpathogens.Thepresentreviewfocusesonpromisingantimicrobialcompoundsisolatedfrommarinemicrobesfrom1991-2013.

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简介：Europeisnowfacingadifficulttime,withasluggisheconomy,refugeecrisis,frequentterroristattacks,plusBrexit.Whatalotofpeopleviewedasarichandsafeparadisehasnowturnedouttobesomethingelse.Althoughthedebtcrisisiscurbedatthemoment,economicproblemsremainandwillgiverisetomorecrises.Therefore,Europe’scrisesarefarfromover.Inasense,theyarejustbeginning.

简介：Thisstudyisthefirsttoreporttheradiocarbonages,mineralogical,morphological,geochemicalandstableisotopecompositionsofcalcretesfromNeogenesedimentsaroundlakesEymirandMoganintheG?lba??BasinofCentralAnatolia.MorphologicallydifferentformsofcalcretesintheG?lba??Basinincludepowdery,nodular,fractureinfill,laminarandhardpantypes.Calciteisthedominantmineralofcalcretecompositions;thediagnosticfeaturesofdessicationcracks,randomfractures,MnOliningsanddensespariticinfillingsareobserved.Chemicalanalysesshowaridconditionswithmeanannualprecipitationof<50mm.δ13Ccompositionsofthecalcretesrangefrom-6.77‰to-9.32‰PDB,typicalformostpedogeniccalcretes,reflectingthedevelopmentunderseasonallyaridclimatesandC3-dominatedvegetationcover.δ18Ovaluesarebetween-5.57‰and-7.80‰PDB,indicatingtheformationfrommeteoricwaterinavadosezoneenvironment.TheresultssuggestthattheMiddlePleistocenewasariderandwarmer,favouringtheformationofpalygorskiteinassociationwiththedifferentformsofcalcreteoccurrences,whereastheLatePleistocenewasdryerandcooler,supportingthedevelopmentofcalcretes.

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