简介：Genomicspromisestoenrichtheinvestigationsofbiologyandbiochemistry.Currentadvancementsingenomicshavemajorimplicationsforgeneticimprovementinanimals,plants,andmicroorganisms,andforourunderstandingofcellgrowth,development,differentiation,andcommunication.Significantprogresshasbeenmadeintheunderstandingofplantgenomicsinrecentyears,andtheareacontinuestoprogressrapidly.Functionalgenomicsoffersenormouspotentialtotreeimprovementandtheunderstandingofgeneexpressioninthisareaofscienceworldwide.Inthisreviewwefocusonfunctionalgenomicsofwoodqualityandpropertiesintrees,mainlybasedonprogressesmadeingenomicsstudyofPinusandPopulus.Theaimsofthisreviewaretosummarizethecurrentstatusoffunctionalgenomicsincluding:(1)Genediscovery;(2)ESTandgenomicsequencing;(3)FromESTtofunctionalgenomics;(4)Approachestofunctionalanalysis;(5)Engineeringligninbiosynthesis;(6)Modificationofcellwallbiogenesis;and(7)Molecularmodelling.Functionalgenomicshasbeengreatlyinvestedworldwideandwillbeimportantinidentifyingcandidategeneswhosefunctioniscriticaltoallaspectsofplantgrowth,development,differentiation,anddefense.Forestbiotechnologyindustrywillsignificantlybenefitfromtheadventoffunctionalgenomicsofwoodqualityandproperties.

简介：ThepropertiesofFeMnSiCrNishapememoryalloywereinvestigated.TheresultsshowthatthebestshapememoryeffectofFel4Mn6Si9Cr5Nialloyis85%.Thetransformationamountoftheε→γtransformationisnotcompleteafterheatingthealloyto1000K,AsandAfpointsdropwithincreasedtransformationenthalpy(△Hγ→ε)bythermalcyclingandincreasedprestrain.Thealloyshowsalsogoodcreepandstressrelaxationresistance.Inaddition,thealloyhavingatensileforceof20kNandasealingpressureof6MPacansatisfyrequirementsforpossibleindustrialapplicationonpipejoints.

简介：Thepaperpresentsadetailedanalysisofexperimentaldatainordertocharacterizetheelasticpropertiesofarteries.Suchanalysiswouldprovideagoodbasisforevaluationofbiomimeticvasculargrafts.Sincethelatterneedstoexhibitsimilarpropertiesofnativetissue,itisimportanttoaccuratelycharacterizethebiomimeticsampleinalargerangeofappliedstresses.Thestress-strainpropertiesvaryaccordingtothespecificpathology(e.g.arteriosclerosis,aneurism)andthetissuegraftmustbechosencorrectly.Twomodelsareproposedinthispaperonthestress-straincharacteristics.Anextensionforfrequency-domainanalysisisprovidedforoneofthemodels.Thecomparisonbetweenvasculargraftsandnativetissueforcarotidandthoracicarteriesinpigsareingoodagreementwithresultsfromliterature.Theproposedexperimentalmethodofferssuitableparametersforidentifyingmodelswhichcharacterizebothelasticityandstiffnesspropertiesoftheanalyzedtissues(stress-strain).Theproposedmodelsshowgoodperformanceincharacterizingtheintrinsicmaterialproperties.

简介：间充质的干细胞(MSC)，源于成年纸巾，是multipotentprogenitor房间，它为再生药保持大诺言。最近的研究证明了thatMSCs在动物和人是抑制免疫力的体内和试管内。然而，管理MSC的这些有免疫力的调节功能的机制留下大部分逃犯。有MSC的体积人口的一些研究显示象PGE2和TGFbeta那样的可溶的因素是重要的，当其它为房间房间接触支持一个角色时。在这研究，我们打算由检验克隆的MSC的抑制免疫力的效果澄清这些问题。我们从老鼠骨髓导出MSC克隆并且证明这些克隆的多数能区分进adipocytes象andosteoblast一样房间。重要地，从这些克隆的房间展出了强壮的禁止的效果onTCR这些房间的一个小数字的导致激活的T细胞增殖试管内，和注射在老鼠支持了allogeneic皮肤接枝的幸存。从MSC文化的调节媒介证明anti-CD3上的某禁止的效果导致了独立于PGE2andTGFbeta的淋巴细胞增长。在比较，有刺激淋巴细胞的MSC的直接合作文化导致了许多更强壮的抑制免疫力的效果。有趣地，抑制是双向的，当MSCproliferation也面对淋巴细胞被减少。一起拿，我们有克隆的MSC的调查结果证明这些房间通过可溶的因素和房间房间施加他们的抑制免疫力的效果接触，和那淋巴细胞和MSC在他们的各自的增长上是互相禁止的。

简介：部分净化的phenoloxidase的运动参数(PO，EC.1.14.18.1)从Pieris的第5中间形态幼虫，rapae(鳞翅目)被决定，是使用L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine(L-DOPA)底层。为L-DOPA的氧化的酶的最佳的pH和温度决心在pH7.0并且在42°C分别地。在pH之间的酶wass桌子6.5和7.4并且在比37°C低的温度。在pH6.8和37°C，theMichaelis常数(K_m)和为L-DOPA的氧化的酶的最大的速度(V_m)我们分别地是0.80mmol/L和1.84亩mol/L/min的redetermined。Tetra-hexylresorcinoland4-dodecylresorcinol有效地分别地禁止了phenoloxidase的活动，这抑制可逆、竞争，与1.50和1.12亩mol/L的IC_(50)。抑制常数被估计分别地是0.50和0.47亩mol/L。

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简介：Inviewofpotentialapplicationtobiomedicaldiagnosis,tighttranscriptomedataqualitycontroliscompulsory.Usually,qualitycontrolisachievedusinglabelingandhybridizationcontrolsaddedatdifferentstagesthroughouttheprocessingofthebiologicRNAsamples.Thesecontrolmeasures,however,onlyreflecttheperformanceoftheindividualtechnicalmanipulationsduringtheentireprocessandhavenobearingastothecontinuedintegrityoftheRNAsampleitself.Herewedemonstratethatintrinsicstatisticalpropertiesoftheresultingtranscriptomedatasignalandsignal-variancedistributionsandtheirinvariancecanbeidentifiedindependentlyoftheanimalspeciesstudiedandthelabelingprotocolused.Fromtheseinvariantpropertieswehavedevelopedadatamodel,theparametersofwhichcanbeestimatedfromindividualexperimentsandusedtocomputerelativequalitymeasuresbasedonsimilaritywithlargereferencedatasets.Thesequalitymeasuresaddsupplementary,non-redundantinformationtostandardqualitycontrolestimatesbasedonspike-inandhybridizationcontrols,andareexploitableindataanalysis.AsoftwareapplicationforanalyzingdatasetsaswellasareferencedatasetforAB1700arraysareprovided.TheyshouldallowAB1700userstoeasilyintegratethismethodintotheiranalysispipeline,andmightinstigatesimilardevelopmentsforothertranscriptomeplatforms.

简介：Thefracturetoughnessofhardbiomaterials,suchasnacre,bovinehoofwallandbeetlecuticle,isassociatedwithfibrousorlamellarstructuresthatdeflectorstopgrowingcracks.Theirhardnessandreducedmodulusweremeasuredbyusingananoindenterinthispaper.Micro/nanoscalecracksweregeneratedbynanoindentationusingaBerkovichtip.Nanoindentationofnacreandbovinehoofwallresultedinpile-uparoundtheindent.Itwasfoundthatthefracturetoughness(KC)ofbovinehoofwallisthemaximum,thesecondisnacre,andtheelytracuticleofdungbeetleistheleastone.

简介：Thestudyoffrictionalpropertiesofhumanskinisimportantformedicalresearch,skincareproductsandtextileexploi-tation.Inordertoinvestigatetheinfluenceofnormalloadandslidingspeedonthefrictionalpropertiesofskinanditspossiblemechanism,testswerecarriedoutonamulti-specimenfrictiontester.Whenthenormalloadincreasesfrom0.1Nto0.9N,normaldisplacementandthefrictioncoefficientofskinincrease.Thefrictioncoefficientisdependentontheload,indicatingthatbothadhesionanddeformationcontributetothefrictionbehaviour.Thedeformationfrictionwasinterpretedusingtheploughmodeloffriction.Whenslidingspeedincreasesfrom0.5mm·s?1to4mm·s?1,thefrictioncoefficientincreasesand'stick-slip'phenomenaincrease,indicatingthathystereticfrictioncontributestothefriction.Thehystereticfrictionwasin-terpretedusingschematicofenergytranslationduringtherigidsphericalprobeslidingonthesoftskinsurface,whichprovidesanexplanationfortheinfluenceoftheslidingspeedonthefrictionalcharacteristicsoftheskin.

简介：UltraHighMolecularWeightPolyethylene(UHMWPE)hasbeenwidelyusedasabearingmaterialforartificialjointreplacementoverfortyyears.Itisusuallycrosslinkedbygammaraysirradiationbeforeitsimplantationintohumanbody.Inthisstudy,UHMWPEandUHMWPE/nano-hydroxyapatite(n-HA)compositewerepreparedbyvacuumhot-pressingmethod.Thepreparedmaterialswereirradiatedbygammaraysinvacuumandmoltenheattreatedinvacuumjustafterirradiation.Theeffectoffillingn-HAwithgammairradiationontribologicalpropertiesofUHMWPEwasinvestigatedbyusingfrictionandwearexperimentalmachine(modelMM-200)underdeionizedwaterlubrication.Micro-morphologyofwornsurfacewasobservedbymetallographicmicroscope.Contactangleandhardnessofthematerialswerealsomeasured.Theresultsshowthatcontactangleandhardnessarechangedbyfillingn-HAandgammairradiation.Frictioncoefficientandwearrateunderdeionizedwaterlubricationarereducedbyfillingn-HA.Whilefrictioncoefficientisincreasedandwearrateisreducedsignificantlybygammairradiation.Thewornsurfaceofunfilledmaterialismainlycharacterizedasadhesivewearandabrasivewear,andthatofn-HAfilledmaterialismainlycharacterizedasabrasivewear.Aftergammairradiation,thedegreesofadhesiveandabrasivewearforunfilledmaterialandabrasivewearofn-HAfilledmaterialaresignificantlyreduced.Unfilledandfilledmaterialsafterirradiationaremainlyshownasslightfatiguewear.TheresultsindicatethatUHMWPEandUHMWPE/n-HAirradiatedatthedoseof150kGycanbeusedasbearingmaterialsinartificialjointsforitsexcellentwearresistancecomparedtooriginalUHMWPE.

简介：Themolluskshellmobilizescalciumfromenvironmentforskeletalmineralization.Thisoccursthroughsynthesizingsolidsinsolutioninthepresenceoforganicmoleculesofspecificinteriorregionsoftheconchshell.TheultrastructureandmicrohardnessoftheHemifusustubaconchshelllivingintheHuang/Boseaareaareinvestigatedinthepaper.Itisshownthatthecompositionandmicrostructureofthemolluskshellvaryindifferentpositions.Theprodissoconchshellconsistsonlyofaragonitewiththecrossed-lamellarmicrostructure.WhilethespiralshellandthebodyshelloftheHemifusustubaconchshellarecomposedofonecalcitelayerandseveralaragonitelayers.Thecalcitelayerconsistsofcylindricalgrains,butthearagonitelayersarecrossed-lamellarultrastructureatthreesizescales.Theminimumstructuresize(thethird-orderlamella)isatabout20nm-80nm.Themarginofshellapertureisonlycomposedofcalcitewithcylindricalgrains.ThisnaturaloptimizationoftheshellmicrostructureisintimatelyduetothegrowthoftheOrganicmatrix.Atdifferentpositionsthemicrohardnessofmolluscshellisdifferentduetodifferentcrystalstructuresandcrystalarrangements.Thegrowthprocessofshellsallowsaconstantrenewalofthematerial,thusenablingtheirfunctionaladaptationtoexternalenvironments.

简介：WestudiedstructuralandimmunologicalpropertiesoftheSARS-CoVM(mem-brane)protein,basedoncomparativeanalysesofsequencefeatures,phylogeneticinvestigation,andexperimentalresults.TheMproteinispredictedtocontainatriple-spanningtransmembrane(TM)region,asingleN-glycosylationsitenearitsN-terminusthatisintheexteriorofthevirion,andalongC-terminalregionintheinterior.TheMproteinharborsahighersubstitutionrate(0.6%correlatedtoitssize)amongviralopenreadingframes(ORFs)frompublisheddata.ThefoursubstitutionsdetectedintheMprotein,whichcausenon-synonymouschanges,canbeclassifiedintothreetypes.OneofthemresultsinchangesofpI(isoelectricpoint)andcharge,affectingantigenicity.ThesecondchangeshydrophobicityoftheTMregion,andthethirdonerelatestohydrophilicityoftheinteriorstructure.PhylogenetictreebuildingbasedonthevariationsoftheMproteinappearstosupportthenon-humanoriginofSARS-CoV.Toinvestigateitsimmunogenicity,wesynthesizedeightoligopeptidescovering69.2%oftheentireORFandscreenedthembyusingELISA(enzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassay)withserafromSARSpatients.Theresultsconfirmedourpredictionsonantigenicsites.

简介：Poly(vinylalcohol)(PVA)/hydroxyapatite(HA)compositehydrogelspecimenswerepreparedwith15%PVAand1%,2%,3%,4%and5%HAbyrepeatedfreezing-thawing.ThetestsofstaticanddynamicmechanicalpropertieswerecarriedouttodiscusstheinfluenceofdifferentcontentsofHAandfreezing-thawingcyclesonthemechanicalpropertiesofPVA/HAcompositehydrogel.TheresultsofstaticmechanicaltestsshowedthatthePVA/HAcompositehydrogelwith3%HAandninefreezing-thawingcycleshadexcellentstressrelaxationproperties,higherrelaxationratio,lowerstressequilibriumvalueandpresentedbetterpropertiesofcreepandrecovery.TheresultsofdynamicmechanicaltestshowedthatthePVA/HAcompositehydrogelwithninefreezing-thawingcycleshadhigherstoragemodulusandlossmodulus,sowasthePVA/HAcompositehydrogelwith3%HA.

简介：管理生命的自然现象的内在的原则是在最近的年里收到到期的重要性的关键问题之一。没有规模的建筑学的特色是大多数连接节点(中心)的活力。这篇文章的主要目的是由在二个相互作用系统的拓扑的参数上考虑建筑上的模式和中心的移动的后果分析蛋白质蛋白质和果蝇melanogaster的新陈代谢的相互作用网络。分析证明两个相互作用网络跟随一个没有规模的模型，建立从改变的状况，很真实的世界网络遵循小世界模式的事实。平均路径长度出现了一双重并且三方面的增加(从9.42～20.93并且从5.29～17.75变化，分别地)分别地，由于中心的删除为蛋白质蛋白质和新陈代谢的相互作用联网。相反，节点的任意的消除没在蛋白质蛋白质和新陈代谢的相互作用网络的拓扑的参数显示出任何显著不同(平均路径长度：9.42+/-0.02和5.27+/-0.01，分别地)。为二个盒子的这越轨行为强调大多数连接节点的意义到网络的自然拓扑学。

简介：Beetlewingsareveryspecializedflightorgansconsistingoftheveinsandmembranes.Thereforeitisnecessaryfromabionicviewtoinvestigatethematerialpropertiesofabeetlewingexperimentally.Inthepresentstudy,wehaveusedaDigitalImageCorrelation(DIC)techniquetomeasuretheelasticmodulusofabeetlewingmembrane.Specimenswerepreparedbycarefullycuttingabeetlehindwinginto3.0mmby7.0mmsegments(thegagelengthwas5mm).Weusedascanningelectronmicroscopeforaprecisemeasurementofthethicknessofthebeetlewingmembrane.Thespecimenwasattachedtoadesignedfixturetoinduceauniformdisplacementbymeansofamicromanipulator.WeusedanARAMISTMsystembasedonthedigitalimagecorrelationtechniquetomeasurethecorrespondingdisplacementofaspecimen.Thethicknessofthebeetlewingvariedatdifferentpointsofthemembrane.Theelasticmodulusdifferedinrelationtothemembranearrangementshowingastructuralanisotropy;theelasticmodulusinthechordwisedirectionisapproximately2.65GPa,whichisthreetimeslargerthantheelasticmodulusinthespanwisedirectionof0.84GPa.Asaresult,thedigitalimagecorrelation-basedARAMISsystemwassuc-cessfullyusedtomeasuretheelasticmodulusofabeetlewing.Inadditiontomembrane’selasticmodulus,weconsideredthePoisson’sratioofthemembraneandmeasuredtheelasticmodulusofaveinusinganInstronuniversaltensilemachine.TheresultrevealsthePoisson’sratioisnearlyzeroandtheelasticmodulusofaveinisabout11GPa.

简介：Usingeucollagensolutionsfromoxhide,wecastcollagenfilmstoassesstheinfluenceofcalciumandsilicaonthere-constitutionofthefibrousstructureofcollagen.Thetensilestrengthandthebreakingelongationofthereconstitutedcollagenfilmsweremeasuredandanalysed.Significantdifferenceswereobservedbetweenreconstitutedcollagenfilmswithandwithoutcalciumandsilica.Thebreakingelongationofthefilmsobtainedinthepresenceofsilicawassignificantlygreater,andthedegradationwaslowerthanotherfilmsofreconstitutedcollagen.Collagenandchitosandonotexisttogetherasblendsinnature,butthespecificpropertiesofeachmaybeusedtoproduceinbiomimeticwayman-madeblendswithbiomedicalapplications,thatconferuniquestructural,mechanical(detail)andinvivoproperties.

简介：MedicalforgedCoCrMoalloywastreatedbyplasmanitridingprocess.Themicrostructureswerecharacterizedby3Dprofiler,SEMandXRD.Thetribologicalpropertieswereinvestigatedunderlubricationof25%bovineserumsolution.Resultsshowthatplasmanitridingisapromisingprocesstoproducethick,hard,andmorewearresistantlayersonthesurfaceofCoCrMoalloy.AllnitridedsamplesshowedanimportantincreaseinthesurfacehardnessduetotheformationofharderCrNandCr2Nphaseswithcompactnano-crystallinestructures.ThetypicalhardnessvaluesofHV0.05increasedalmosttwotimesthanuntreatedone.Underbovineserumlubrication,atlownitridingtemperaturetheCoefficientofFriction（COF）ofnitridedsamplewaslowerthanthatofuntreatedsample,butathighnitridingtemperaturetheCOFwasalmostthesameastheuntreatedone.Comparedwiththeuntreatedsample,thenitridedsamplesshowedlowerwearratesandhigherwearresistanceunderdifferentnitridingtemperatures.TheadhesivewearisthemainmechanismforuntreatedCoCrMoalloyandthewearmechanismsofnitridedonesarethefatiguewearandslightadhesivewear.ItisconcludedthattheimprovementofwearresistanceisascribedtothehardnitrideformationofCrNandCr2Nphasesatthenitridedsurfaces.

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简介：流行性感冒的所有已知的子类型A病毒在野水鸟被维持，这些病毒的自然水库。流行性感冒A病毒被孤立从许多有改变病态和死亡率的动物种类。更重要地，流行性感冒A病毒与潜在地致命的结果在人引起呼吸疾病。在人的本地或全球的爆发被过量住院和死亡典型地描绘。在1997，H5N1子类型的高度病原的鸟的流行性感冒病毒在传给人的香港出现了，导致由鸟的流行性感冒病毒感染的人的死亡的首先记录的盒子。在越南，印度尼西亚，和泰国在家禽在2003年7月开始的新爆发，和高度病原的鸟的H5N1流行性感冒病毒后来在整个亚洲并且进欧洲和非洲传播了。这些病毒继续与高死亡率感染人并且引起隐约可见的世界范围的担心流行。而且，H5N1病毒爆发在整个亚洲在家禽工业上有破坏效果。因为H5N1病毒爆发看起来从南部的中国发源，我们这里在中国检验H5N1流行性感冒病毒，与他们的生物性质上的一个重音。

简介：嗅觉的ensheathing房间(OEC)是有axonal的glial房间的一种唯一的类型支持生长的性质。OEC移植作为axonal损害和demyelinating疾病的有希望的试验性的治疗出现了。然而，OEC的一些基本细胞的性质仍然保持不清楚。在这研究，我们发现不同OEC候补选手人口基于单个孤立的房间的微速摄影的成像展出了不同迁移的性质，可能由于他们的不同细胞骨架组织。而且，OEC潜水艇人口在单个房间的迁居试金显示了不同吸引人的迁移的回答到lysophosphatidic酸(LPA)的一个坡度。最后，我们发现了人口自发地转变了成对方的那个OEC代用品。一起，这些结果示威，第一次到我们的知识，不同OEC潜水艇人口显示不同迁移的性质试管内并且提供新证据当一个单个房间与韧性的功能的显型打字，支持OEC的观点。