简介：Restoringdegradedforestsandagriculturallandshasbecomeaglobalconservationpriority.Agrowingnumberoftoolscanquantifyecosystemservicetradeoffsassociatedwithforestrestoration.Thisevolving'toolslandscape'presentsadilemma:moretoolsareavailable,butselectingappropriatetoolshasbecomemorechallenging.WepresentaRestorationEcosystemServiceToolSelector(RESTS)frameworkthatdescribeskeycharacteristicsof13ecosystemserviceassessmenttools.Analystsenterinformationabouttheirdecisioncontext,servicestobeanalyzed,anddesiredoutputs.Toolsarefilteredandpresentedbasedonfiveevaluativecriteria:scalability,cost,timerequirements,handlingofuncertainty,andapplicabilitytobenefit-costanalysis.RESTSusesaspreadsheetinterfacebutaweb-basedinterfaceisplanned.Giventherapidevolutionofecosystemservicesscience,RESTSprovidesanadaptableframeworktoguideforestrestorationdecisionmakerstowardtoolsthatcanhelpquantifyecosystemservicesinsupportofrestoration.

简介：Outof1989wildaccessionssowninseedboxesforscreening,only1003wildaccessionswithgoodgerminationwerescreenedagainstbrownplanthopper(BPH),Nilaparvatalugens(St?l)undergreenhouseconditions.Thecollectioncomprisedofaccessionsfrom11wildspeciesandAfricancultivatedrice.ThegermplasmwasscreenedforBPHfollowingstandardseedboxscreeningtechniqueinthegreenhouse.Asmanyas159accessionswereidentifiedasresistantduringtheyear2012basedononeyearscreening.AselectedsetofBPHresistantaccessionswerescreenedagainduring2013.Basedonthetwoyearsscreening,sevenaccessionsofO.nivara(AA),oneaccessionofO.officinalis(CC),sevenaccessionsofO.australiensis(EE),fiveaccessionsofO.punctata(BBandBBCC)andnineaccessionsofO.latifolia(CCDD)wereconfirmedtoberesistanttoBPH.SofarnoBPHresistancegeneshavebeenidentifiedanddesignatedfromO.nivaraandO.punctata,hencethesemayactasnewsourcesofresistance.

简介：WecollectedacornsfromselectedQuercusroburandQuercuspetraeamothertreesgrowingatstationswithdifferentdepthstothewatertable.Weproducedpairsofmicro-cuttingsfromthesesingleacorns.Theobtainedpairsofcuttingsrepresentedphenotypesofhighsimilarityaccordingtophotosyntheticparameters.Thesepairsofcuttingswereusedtotesttheplasticityofresponsetocontrastingwaterregimes.Foreachpair,onecuttingwassubmittedtodroughtandtheotherwassubmittedtowaterlogging.Droughtresponsewasrecordedaccordingtogasexchangetraits（stomatalclosureandwateruseefficiency）.TheresponsetowaterloggingwasrecordedaccordingtothecapacitytoformhypertrophiedlenticelsandtomaintaintheCO2assimilationrate.Intermediaryphenotypespresentingbothhighwateruseefficiencyandthecapacitytodevelophypertrophiedlenticelswereexpected.

简介：Background:Forestscontributetohumanwellbeingthroughtheprovisionofimportantecosystemservices.Methods:Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedhowtheperceivedimportanceofecosystemservicesmayimpacttheoverallbenefitprovidedbymanagedwatershedsattheHubbardBrookExperimentalForestovera45-yearperiod,usingstandardizedmeasuresofservicecapacityweightedbyserviceimportanceweightsderivedfromasurveyofbeneficiaries.Results:Thecapacityofwatershedstoregulatewaterflowandqualitywashighinallwatershedsthroughoutthestudyperiod,whereasculturalservicessuchasscenicbeautydeclinedafterharvest.Impactsongreenhousegasregulationdependedontheefficiencywithwhichharvestedbiomasswasused.Surveysrevealedthatstakeholdersplacedhighvalueonallecosystemservices,withregulatingandculturalservicesseenasmoreimportantthanprovisioningservices.Whenservicemetricswereweightedbysurveyresponsesandaggregatedintoasinglemeasure,totalserviceprovisionfollowedthesameoveralltrendasgreenhousegasregulation.Wherebiomassusewaslessefficientintermsofgreenhousegasemissions,harvestingresultedinanoverall'ecosystemservicedebt';whereusewasmoreefficient,this'ecosystemservicedebt'wasreduced.Beneficiaries'educationalbackgroundssignificantlyaffectedoverallassessmentofserviceprovision.Beneficiarieswithcollegeoruniversitydegreesincurredsmaller'ecosystemservicedebts'andwerelessnegativelyaffectedbyharvestingoverall.Conclusions:Thisstudyhighlightstheimportanceofincludingempiricalmeasuresofbeneficiarypreferencewhenattemptingtoquantifyoverallprovisionofecosystemservicestohumanbeneficiariesovertime.

简介：Soilmacroinvertebratesarehighlydiverseandtheirmajorecologicalserviceincludebreakdownoforganicmatterandinturnimprovesoilfertilityandpill-millipedesarewell-knownfortheirsigni?cantroleiningestion,disintegrationanddecompositionoforganicmatterinsoil.Thisstudycharacterizedthefeed,thedecomposingleaflitterofcoconut(Cocosnucifera),andfaecesoftwoendemicgiantpill-millipedesArthrosphaeradistictaandA.fumosacollectedfromforestsoftheWesternGhatsofIndiabasedonchemicalfeaturesandmicrobialpro?le.Inbothmillipedes,electricconductivityandtotalphosphorusweresigni?cantlyincreasedinfaeces,whilethecrudeprotein,organiccarbon,totalnitrogenandtotalphenolicsweresigni?cantlydecreased,ascomparedtothoseinfeed.Heterotrophicbacteria,actinomycetes,rhizobiaandphosphate-solubilizingbacteriaweresigni?cantlyhigherinfaecesthaninfeed,while?lamentousfungiandyeastsubstantiallydecreasedinfacescomparedtofeedinboththemillipedes.Spectrumoffattyacidmethylesterswasconsiderablydifferentbetweenfeedandfaecesofboththemillipedes.Thetotalsaturatedfattyacidswerehigherthanthetotalunsaturatedfattyacidsinfeedaswellasfaeces,whiletheratioofunsaturated/saturatedfattyacidsdecreasedfromfeedtofaeces.DodecanoicandtetradecanoicacidsinA.distictaandoctadecanoicacidinA.fumosasigni?cantlyincreased,while(9Z)-octadec-9-enoicand(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoicacidsinA.distictaandhexadecanoic,tetracosanoicand(9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoicacidsinA.fumosasigni?cantlydecreasedinfaecescomparedtofeed,indicatingmillipede-dependentchangesinfattyacids.Icosanoicacidwaspresentinfaecesofboththemillipedes,andhexadec-9-enoicacidwascon?nedtofaecesofA.disticta,whilepentadecanoic,heneicosanoic,(9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoicandeicosenoicacidswerecon?nedtofaecesofA.fumosa.Pill-millipedesenrichthesoilqualitybyleaflitterconditioningintheirgutthroughspeci?cmi