简介：AbstractImportance:Tics usually start around 4-6 years old and affect about 1% of school-age children. Premonitory urges (PUs) are sensory phenomena that precede tics and are often described as unpleasant feelings. Recent evidence supports a relationship between PUs and tic severity, but reports are conflicting. In addition, there is no report of PUs in the Chinese population.Objective:To investigate the correlation between PUs and tic symptoms in the Chinese population with tic disorders.Methods:We recruited 252 Chinese individuals with chronic tic disorders (age 5-16 years). The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) was used to assess tic symptoms, and the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS) was used to assess PUs. We calculated Spearman correlations between PUTS and YGTSS scores, and constructed a linear regression model to predict the tic symptom severity by PUs.Results:There was a significant positive correlation between PU severity (PUTS scores) and motor tic severity, total tic severity, tic-caused impairment (YGTSS scores) (P < 0.05). PU severity was a significant positive predictor of tic symptom severity (standardized beta coefficient = 0.174, t = 2.786, P = 0.006).Interpretation:We provide evidence for a correlation between PUs and tic symptoms. PU severity predicts tic symptom severity. Further research on PUs is needed to clarify the shared brain mechanism with tics, and their role in tic expression. A suitable tool to assess PUs in younger children is also needed.

简介：AbstractTic disorders (TD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is often first recognized in children and adolescents and is characterized mainly by motor and phonic tics. Drug treatment of TD has been criticized because of serious side effects, and TD treatment emphasizes behavioral psychotherapy. This study reviewed the most common behavioral psychotherapy for TD: habit reversal training (HRT). We examined the contents, variation, curative effects, and premonitory urge control of HRT and other behavioral psychotherapies. The findings suggest that current understanding of HRT is insufficient and further studies are needed. First, studies of online guidance training are needed to implement technology that can help more patients. Second, the future integration of HRT and other technologies is important. Third, imaging techniques could be used to further explore the brain mechanisms underlying HRT. Research on HRT for TD in China is insufficient. We call on more Chinese researchers to study, investigate, and develop technology to promote the development of behavioral psychotherapy for TD in China.

简介：AbstractBackground:Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood that warrants effective therapies. Gut microbiota can affect central physiology and function via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Therefore, the gut microbiota plays an important role in some mental illnesses. A small clinical trial showed that fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may alleviate TS symptoms in children. Herein, FMT effects and mechanisms were explored in a TS mouse model.Methods:TS mice model (TSMO) (n = 80) were established with 3,3＇-iminodipropionitrile, and 80 mice were used as controls. Mice were grouped into eight groups and were subjected to FMT with feces from children or mice with or without TS, or were given probiotics. Fecal specimens were collected 3 weeks after FMT. 16S rRNA sequencing, behavioral observation, and serum serotonin (5-HT) assay were performed. Differences between groups were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) tests.Results:A total of 18 discriminative microbial signatures (linear discriminant analysis score > 3) that varied significantly between TS and healthy mice (CONH) were identified. A significant increase in Turicibacteraceae and Ruminococcaceae in TSMO after FMT was observed (P < 0.05). Compared with non-transplanted TSMO, the symptoms of those transplanted with feces from CONH were alleviated (W = 336, P = 0.046). In the probiotic and FMT experiments, the serum 5-HT levels significantly increased in TSMO that received probiotics (KS = 1.423, P = 0.035) and in those transplanted with feces from CONH (W= 336.5, P = 0.046) compared with TSMO without transplantation.Conclusions:This study suggests that FMT may ameliorate TS by promoting 5-HT secretion, and it provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms of FMT as a treatment for TS.

简介：摘要目的探究联合应用单指数扩散加权成像（diffusion weighted imaging, DWI）、体素内不相干运动扩散加权成像（intra-voxel incoherent motion-DWI, IVIM-DWI）及扩散峰度成像（diffusion kurtosis imaging, DKI）所获各参数对乳腺动态增强MRI Ⅱ型平台型时间-信号曲线（time-signal intensity curve, TIC）病变良、恶性的鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析2019年10月至2021年1月经病理证实的乳腺TIC-Ⅱ型病变患者病例103例。根据病理结果分为良性组25例（25个病灶）和恶性组78例（78个病灶），测量其病变的DWI参数[表观扩散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC）]、IVIM参数[真实扩散系数（true diffusion coefficient, D）、灌注相关扩散系数（perfusion-related diffusion coefficient, D*）和灌注分数（perfusion fraction, f）]及DKI参数[平均扩散率（mean diffusion, MD）、平均扩散峰度（mean kurtosis, MK）]。使用独立样本t检验比较两组各参数的差异，进一步行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析，运用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic, ROC）曲线及曲线下面积（area under the curve, AUC）分析各单一参数或不同扩散模型联合应用（DWI+IVIM、DWI+DKI、DWI+IVIM+DKI）对乳腺TIC-Ⅱ型良恶性病变的鉴别诊断效能。结果两组ADC值、D值、f值、MD值、MK值差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05），D*值差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析示D值及MK值为两组鉴别诊断的独立影响因素，以MK值优势比最大，对应AUC为0.871，特异度为88.0%，敏感度为80.8%，准确度为78.6%。各联合模型之间的AUC差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05），以三模型联合的诊断效能最大，对应AUC为0.915，敏感度为92.3%，特异度为84.0%，准确度为86.4%。三模型联合的AUC高于DWI序列（AUC为0.816），差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论DWI联合IVIM及DKI对乳腺TIC-Ⅱ型良、恶性病变具有较好的鉴别诊断价值。

简介：摘要目的探讨基于MRI T2反转恢复压脂(turbo inversion recovery magnitude，Tirm)序列图像灰度共生矩阵纹理特征联合动态增强时间-信号强度(time-signal intensity，TIC)曲线在鉴别乳腺良恶性病变中的价值。材料与方法前瞻性收集经手术病理证实的52例乳腺良恶性病变患者(共64个病灶)的术前MRI资料，并绘制TIC曲线。采用MaZda软件于Tirm图像提取病灶的灰度共生矩阵纹理参数(gray level co-occurrence matrix，GLCM)，比较乳腺良恶性病变参数之间的差异。绘制ROC曲线分析比较GLCM纹理参数、TIC曲线及二者联合对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断效能。结果TIC曲线类型和GLCM参数中能量、对比度、平方和、均和、均差、熵、和熵、差熵在两者间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。纹理参数中，均和的AUC最高(0.765)，敏感度和特异度分别为75.8%、77.4%。TIC曲线的AUC为0.896，敏感度和特异度分别为97.0%、58.1%。GLCM参数联合TIC曲线的AUC为0.959，其敏感度、特异度分别为84.8%、96.8%。结论基于Tirm序列灰度共生矩阵纹理特征联合TIC曲线能明显提高对乳腺病变的诊断效能，可以为术前诊断及鉴别诊断提供更多的影像学参考。

简介：摘要目的研究纹理分析联合时间-信号强度曲线(time-intensity curve，TIC)对乳腺浸润性导管癌与纤维腺瘤鉴别诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析我院经病理学证实的75例女性患者(乳腺浸润性导管癌48例，乳腺纤维腺瘤27例)的MRI图像，分别绘制TIC及使用纹理分析软件中的直方图、绝对梯度、游程矩阵、共生矩阵和自回归模型共5种分析方法，对增强图像上的乳腺病灶进行纹理特征提取，共获得306个纹理特征参数；采用Fisher相关系数(Fisher coefficient，Fisher)、最小分类误判率+平均相关系数(classification error probability and average correlation coefficients，POE+ACC)及互信系数(mutual information coefficient，MI)三种统计学方法，分别筛选出区别乳腺浸润性导管癌与纤维腺瘤的10个最佳纹理特征参数。使用B11程序中的主成分分析法(principal component analysis，PCA)、线性鉴别分析法(linear discriminant analysis，LDA)和非线性鉴别分析法(nonlinear discriminant analysis，NDA)对这10个最佳纹理参数进行降维和分类，计算最佳纹理特征参数下病灶的最小误判率。统计TIC方法、纹理分析方法及两种方法联合下鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、准确度。结果纹理分析方法以Fisher+NDA或POE+ACC+NDA组合的最小误判率最低(4%)，其筛选出用于建模的10个最佳纹理参数分别为：Fisher+NDA为GeoW1、熵S (5,-5)、相关性S (5,5)、熵S (4,-4)、熵S (5,0)、熵S (5,5)、Teta2、熵S (4,0)、Teta3、熵S (3,-3)。POE+ACC+NDA为GeoYo、Vertl_Fraction、GeoW5b、GeoW4、相关性S (5,5)、Teta1、Vertl_ShrtREmp、GeoNx、GeoAox、GeoX。TIC方法、纹理分析方法及两种方法联合下鉴别诊断的敏感度为87.5%、93.8%、97.9%；特异度为29.6%、11.1%、14.8%；准确度为66.7%、64.0%、68.0%。结论常规MRI平扫与增强的基础上，采用TIC与MRI纹理参数分析可以提高乳腺浸润性导管癌和乳腺纤维腺瘤的敏感度和准确度，其对乳腺纤维腺瘤与浸润性导管癌鉴别诊断具有一定的价值。