简介：幼苗ofLarixleptolepis上的spayingPenzhangjing的实验被进行一年。分别地，在试验性的幼苗的脚的高度生长和直径与控制幼苗相比增加了34.3%和35.5%。变化分析断定Penzhangjing在幼苗的脚在高度和直径的生长上有明显的效果。

简介：ＫａｆａｎｇＴｏｗｎｓｈｉｐ，ＸｉｎｘｉａｎＣｏｕｎｔｙｏｆＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｉｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｎｔｅｒｌａｎｄｏｆｔｈｅＤａｂｉｅＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｂｏｒｄｅｒｉｎｇＨｅｎａｎａｎｄＨｕｂｅｉｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｏｗｎ...

简介：ＸｉｘｉａＣｏｕｎｔｙｉｓｓｉｔｕａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｗｅｓｔｂｏｒｄｅｒａｒｅａｏｆＨｅｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅａｎｄｔｈｅｕｐｐｅｒｖａｌｅｙｏｆｔｈｅＤａｎｊｉａｎｇＲｉｖｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＦｕｎｉｕｓｈａｎＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｓ...

简介：Thepaperreviewedthereferencesofcarbonsequenceandoxygenreleaseofforestresources.Thedynasticphysicalaccountingmodelisestablished,andbenefittransfermodelisadoptedtocalculatewillingtopayforcarbonsequenceandoxygen.BengheForestryFarmofLinyiPrefectureofShandongProvinceisselectedasthecasestudyarea,theaccountingresultispresentedinthepaper.

简介：Treesarethemainelementsinurbanforestconstruction,andtheirapplicationdirectlyreflectstheconstructionlevelofurbanforest.Twocities,HarbinandHefei,wereselectedasrepresentativemiddlecitiesinthisarticle.Theapplicationoftreespecieswasanalyzedbycontrastinurbanforestconstruction,andtheirapplicationinHefei'sdifferentlandtypeswasstressed.Basedonthis,theapplicationoftreespecieswasfurtherdiscussedduringtheprocessofurbanforestconstructioninChinaThusitprovidedreferencesforthenationalurbanforestconstruction.

简介：Thepaperreviewedthebackgroundofpublic-privatepartnership(PPP)development,describedPPPconcept,characteristicsandbasicmodels,andanalyzedthenecessityandfeasibilitytodeveloplanddegradationcontrolPPP.ThentheexperiencesthatElionResourcesGroupinInnerMongoliahasaccumulatedinKubuqiDesertcontrolanddevelopmentaswellastherevelationsweresummarizedwiththehopetoprovidereferenceforestablishinglanddegradationcontrolPPPinaridareaofwesternregion.

简介：ＡＴＹＰＩＣＡＬＣＡＳＥＯＦＧＥＴＴＩＮＧＲＩＣＨＩＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＯＵＳＡＲＥＡ──ＮｏｔｅｓｏｎＹａｎｇｇａｎｇｊｉｎｇＶｉｌｌａｇｅＳｏｃｉａｌＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＢｙＨｅＰｅｉｋｕｎ；ＣａｏＱｉｎｇｌｉｎｇ；ＧａｏＬｉｎｎｉｎｇ；ＳｈｉＴｉｎｇ...

简介：Greeninfrastructureisclassicpublicgoodswhichcanbeutilizedbyeverybodysimultaneouslyatanytimeoftheday.Greeninfrastructurewhichistheinterconnectedsystemofgreenspacesthatconservesnaturalecosystemvaluesandfunctions,sustainscleanairandwater,notonlyprovideapleasantandnaturalenvironmentbutalsocontributetoimprovingqualityoflifeinurbanareas.Inotherwordsgreeninfrastructureisthecommunity'snaturallifesupportsystemandtheecologicalframeworkneededforenvironmentalandeconomicsustainabilityinurbanareas.Withinthiscontext,thispaperoffersanoverviewofgreeninfrastructuredevelopmentinMalaysia,itsstatus,constraint,potentialandfuturedirections.ThecasestudyofKualaLumpurcity,whichisoneofthefastestgrowingcitiesinthecountry,highlightsthescenarioofurbanareasdevelopmentinMalaysia.Thisincludestheroleplayedbythegovernmentagenciesandnon-governmentorganizationsindevelopingandpromotingforestareasaspublicparks.Theprovisionsofrecreationalandeducationalfacilitiesintheparksaswellastheprotectionmeasuresoftheresourcesundertakenbyrelevantauthoritiesarealsodiscussed.Thispaperalsohighlightstheresponseofthepublictotheopportunitiesbeingprovidedintheseareasforrecreationandeducationpurposes.

简介：WeusedagoalprogrammingtechniquetodeterminetheoptimalharvestvolumefortheIranianCaspianforest.Wecollecteddataincludingvolume,growth,woodpriceatforestroadside,andvariableharvestingcosts.Theallometricmethodwasusedtoquantifysequestratedcarbon.Regressionanalysiswasusedtoderivegrowthmodels.Expectedmeanpricewasestimatedusingwoodpriceandvariableharvestingcosts.Questionnairewasusedtodeterminetheconstraintsandtheequationcoefficientsofthegoalprogrammingmodel.Theoptimalvolumewasdeterminedusingthegoalprogrammingmethodaccordingtomultipurposeforestmanagement.LINGOsoftwarewasusedforanalysis.Resultsindicatedthattheoptimumvolumesofspecieswere250.25m3?ha-1forbeech,59m3?ha-1forhornbeam,73m3?ha-1foroak,41m3?ha-1foralder,and32m3?ha-1forotherspecies.Thetotaloptimumvolumeis455.25m3?ha-1.

简介：Theforestecosystemgoodsandservicesandthenaturalcapitalstocksthatproducethemmakegreatcontributiontonationaleconomyandhumanwelfarebothdirectlyandindirectly.ThispaperevaluatestheeconomicvalueofnaturalcapitalstockandtheannualoutputflowofforestecosystemgoodsandservicestakingQingdaoCityanditseightdistrictsascasestudy.Theresultsofthevaluationstudyshowed,thatthestockvalueofforestnaturalcapitalofQingdaowasRMB13.46billionattheendof2007...

简介：ThiscasestudyoutlinestheproblemsfacedbythepeoplesoftheHexiCorridor.Theseproblemsareseriousandurgent,andarerepresentativeofthosefacedbyothercommunitiesrightacrosswesternChina.Therootcausesareoutlinedandsomeremediesaresuggested.ThepracticalmeasuresproposedunderChina'sNationalActionPlantoCombatDesertificationaredescribedanddiscussed.

简介：SongRong(i.e.Matsutake,Tricholomamatsutake)isthemostfavoriteediblemushroominJapanandrestrictedlydistributesinforestsinEastAsia.TheyieldofSongRong,however,hasbeenextremelydroppingsince1940'sintheregionduetochangesofenvironmentalecologyofnatureforests.Asacompensationforconsumption,JapanimportedproductsofT.matsutakefromKoreaandChina,andT.magnivelarefromNorthAmericasincemid-1970s,butT.matsutakestiliaccountsforalargeportionofthe...

简介：ThedeforestationonlargescaleintheupperreachesofYangtzeRiverhascausedseriousproblemsofecosystemandenvironment.Restorationofthedegeneratedforestecosystemsisoneofthemainresearchfields.TakingGonggaMountainasanexample,degenerationfeaturesandexistingproblemsofforestecosystemsareanalyzedinthispaper,andthemeasuresarealsoproposed.

简介：Background:Thedistributionofforestvegetationwithinurbanenvironmentsiscriticallyimportantasitinfluencesurbanenvironmentalconditionsandtheenergyexchangethroughtheabsorptionofsolarradiationandmodulationofevapotranspiration.Italsoplaysanimportantrolefilteringurbanwatersystemsandreducingstormwaterrunoff.Methods:WeinvestigatethecapacityofALSdatatoindividuallydetect,mapandcharacterizelarge(tallerthan15m)treeswithintheCityofVancouver.LargetreesarecriticalforthefunctionandcharacterofVancouver'surbanforest.WeusedanobJect-basedapproachforindividualtreedetectionandsegmentationtodeterminetreelocations(positionofthestem),todelineatetheshapeofthecrownsandtocategorizethelattereitherasconiferousordeciduous.Results:Resultsindicateadetectionrateof76.6%fortrees>15mwithapositioningerrorof2.11m(stemlocation).ExtractedtreeheightspossessedaRMSEof2.60mandabiasof-1.87m,whereascrowndiameterwasderivedwithaRMSEof3.85mandabiasof-2.06m.Missedtreesareprincipallyaresultofundetectedtreetopsoccurringindense,overlappingcanopieswithmoreaccuratedetectionanddelineationoftreesinopenareas.Conclusion:ByidentifyingkeystructuraltreesacrossVancouver'surbanforests,wecanbetterunderstandtheirroleinprovidingecosystemgoodsandservicesforcityresidents.

简介：Forestsareamongthemostimportantcarbonsinksonearth.However,theircomplexstructureandvastareasprecludeaccurateestimationofforestcarbonstocks.Datasetsfromforestmonitoringusingadvancedsatelliteimageryarenowusedininternationalpolicyagreements.DatasetsenabletrackingofemissionsofCO2intotheatmospherecausedbydeforestationandothertypesofland-usechanges.TheaimofthisstudyistodeterminethecapabilityofSPOT-HRGSatellitedatatoestimateabovegroundcarbonstockinadistrictofDarabkolaresearchandtrainingforest,Iran.Preprocessingtoeliminateorreducegeometricerrorandatmosphericerrorwereperformedontheimages.Usingclustersampling,165sampleplotsweretaken.Of165plots,81wereinnaturalhabitats,and84wereinforestplantations.Followingthecollectionofgrounddata,biomassandcarbonstockswerequantifiedforthesampleplotsonaperhectarebasis.Nonparametricregressionmodelssuchassupportvectorregressionwereusedformodelingpurposeswithdifferentkernelsincludinglinear,sigmoid,polynomial,andradialbasisfunction.Theresultsshowedthatathird-degreepolynomialwasthebestmodelfortheentirestudiedareashavinganrootmeansquareerror,biasandaccuracy,respectively,of38.41,5.31,and62.2;42.77,16.58,and57.3%forthebestpolynomialfornaturalforest;and44.71,2.31,and64.3%forafforestation.Overall,theseresultsindicatethatSPOTHRGsatellitedataandsupportvectormachinesareusefulforestimatingabovegroundcarbonstock.

简介：Background:Forestmanagementdecisionsarebasedonexpectationsoffuturedevelopments.Forsounddecisionsitisessentialtoaccuratelypredicttheexpectedvaluesinfuturedevelopmentsandtoaccountfortheirinherentuncertainty,forexampletheimpactofclimatechangeonforests.Changingclimaticconditionsaffectforestproduaivityandaltertheriskprofileofforestsandforestenterprises.IntensifyingdroughtstressisseenasonemajorriskfactorthreateningforestmanagementinthenorthGermanlowlands.Droughtstressreducestreegrowthandvitalityandmighteventriggermortality.Butsofar,itisnotpossibletoquantifyeffectsofapersistentdryerclimateonforestproductivityatalevelsuitableforforestmanagement.Methods:Weapplyawell-establishedsingle-treeforestgrowthsimulatortoquantifytheeffectofpersistentdryerclimatesonfutureforestproductivity.WeanalysethegrowthofScotspine(PinussylvestrisL.);Europeanbeech{FagussylvoticoL.)andoak{QuercusroburL.andQuercuspetraeo(Matt.)Liebl.)intwoforestregionsinthenorthGermanlowlandsforatimeintervalof60yearsuntil2070.Thegrowthresponseunderthreedifferentclimateprojectionsiscomparedtoabaselinescenario.Results:Theresultsshowcleardifferencesinvolumeincrementtopersistentdryerclimatesbetweentreespecies.Thefindingsexhibitregionaldifferencesandtemporaltrends.WhilemeanannualincrementatbiologicalrotationageofScotspineandoakpredominantlybenefitsfromtheprojectedclimateconditionsuntil2070,beechmightsufferlossesofupto3m3-ha’-yr1dependingonclimatescenarioandregion.However,intheprojectionperiod2051to2070theuncertaintyrangescomprisepositiveaswellasnegativeclimaticeffectsforallspecies.Conclusions:Theprojectedchangesinforestgrowthserveasquantitativecontributionstoprovidedecisionsupportintheevaluationof,forexample,speciesfuturesitesuitabilityandtimbersupplyassessments.Theanalysiso

简介：Background:Successionalpaludification,adynamicprocessthatleadstotheformationofpeatlands,isinfluencedbyclimaticfactorsandsitefeaturessuchassurficialdepositsandsoiltexture.Inborealregions,projectedclimatechangeandcorrespondingmodificationsinnaturalfireregimesareexpectedtoinfluencethepaludificationprocessandforestdevelopment.TheobjectiveofthisstudywastoforecastthedevelopmentofborealpaludifiedforestsinnortheasternNorthAmericainrelationtoclimatechangeandmodificationsinthenaturalfireregimefortheperiod2011–2100.Methods:Apaludificationindexwasbuiltusingstatic(e.g.surficialdepositsandsoiltexture)anddynamic(e.g.moistureregimeandsoilorganiclayerthickness)standscalefactorsavailablefromforestmaps.Theindexconsideredtheeffectsofthreetemperatureincreasescenarios(i.e.+1°C,+3°Cand+6°C)andprogressivelydecreasingfirecycle(from300yearsfor2011–2041,to200yearsfor2071–2100)onpeataccumulationrateandsoilorganiclayer(SOL)thicknessatthestandlevel,andpaludificationatthelandscapelevel.Results:Ourindexshowthatinthecontextwhereintheabsenceoffirethelandscapecontinuestopaludify,thenegativeeffectofclimatechangeonpeataccumulationresultedinlittlemodificationtoSOLthicknessatthestandlevel,andnochangeinthepaludificationlevelofthestudyareabetween2011and2100.However,includingdecreasingfirecycletotheindexresultedindeclinesinpaludifiedarea.Overall,theindexpredictsaslighttomoderatedecreaseintheareacoveredbypaludifiedforestsin2100,withslowerratesofpaludification.Conclusions:Slowerpaludificationratesimplygreaterforestproductivityandagreaterpotentialforforestharvest,butalsoagraduallossofopenpaludifiedstands,whichcouldimpactthecarbonbalanceinpaludifiedlandscapes.Nonetheless,asthethickSphagnumlayertypicalofpaludifiedforestsmayprotectsoilorganiclayerfromdroughtanddeepburns,asignificantprop

简介：在所有森林利用阶段之中，收获作为利用周期的开始的阶段起一个关键作用并且在下列阶段上有重要效果。在这研究，被记录以便关于现在、计划的操作，收获的开始的时间或切的阶段和工作流动检验费用的减小。全部操作的每个阶段的开始的时间也被记录。在收获显著的树前，适当felling方向被决定，正确方向的方位角被拿。结果显示与felling方向相比在在一棵倾斜的树的方向的差别之间没有一种有意义的关系。然而，在差别之间有一种重要关系定义并且在树倾斜和定义方向的felling方向和差别。一样的趋势在树倾斜和felling方向并且树倾斜之间被观察并且定义方向。在另一方面，在树倾斜和felling方向之间没有重要关系并且定义并且树felling方向。另外，这研究证明随树体积的增加，树切的时间升起了。而且，当树倾斜的差别和felling方向减少了时，切树的时间衰退了。回归方程是Y?=?168.9-0.14(树倾斜和felling方向之间的差别)?+?0.7(体积)。

简介：

简介：在干燥陆地的系统的木质的植物的地位是关键生态系统进程的一个基本决定因素。这地位监视在在干旱、半干旱的生态系统理解木质的植物的动力学起一个重要作用。现在的学习用遥感和地理信息系统技术和统计科学在伊朗决定了Zagros森林的精力。结果证明树的密度从10～53变化了?%根据半干旱的区域的地文学、气候的条件。在植被索引和森林密度之间的最好、最低的关联为全球环境监视索引被获得(GEMI；R2?=?0.94)和土壤调整植被索引(R2?=?0.81),分别地。GEMI被用来监视使用在一个10年的时期上改变的土地。结果显示出那2720?哈森林的2被人的干扰和耕种在也导致了肥沃的土壤层的损失的这个时期期间在陡峭的斜坡上破坏了。GEMI决定了区域与一树的生物资源并且有从没有华盖的区域的树的低生物资源密度的通常分开的边阶区域能盖住。结果用卫星在干旱、半干旱的艰巨森林区域揭示了对森林和植被盖子的那个评价数字数字和平常的采样服从于无常。一个成层的组织过程应该被建立增加评价的精确性。