简介:Background:Cognitiveimpairmentisprevalentamongolderadultsandresultsindegradedqualityoflifeforolderadults.Asthepopulationages,thismaycauseahugeburdentosociety.Researchhasdemonstratedthatphysicalexerciseisbeneficialtocognitivefunction.Thepurposeofthismeta-analysiswastocriticallyassesstheeffectofTaiChiexerciseonglobalcognitive,executive,andmemoryfunctionsinolderadults.Methods:Afterathoroughelectronicsearchandselection,eightstudieswereincludedinthismeta-analysiswithtwocross-sectionalandsixinterventionstudies.Ninevariablesincludedinthismeta-analysiswere:minimentalstatusexamination(MMSE),Alzheimer’sdiseaseassessmentscale-cognitivesubscale(ADAS-cog),trailmakingtestpartA(TMA),trailmakingtestpartB(TMB),digitspantestforward(DSF),digitspantestbackward(DSB),visualspantestbackward(VSB),verbalfluencytest(VFT),andworddelayrecalltest(WDR).Theeffectsizesandforestplotsoftheseninevariablesweregenerated.Results:Four(MMSE,DSB,VSB,andVFT)outofninevariablesweresignificantlyimprovedafterTaiChiexercisewiththeeffectsizesrangedfrom0.20to0.46(smalltomedium).MMSErepresentedglobalcognitivefunction,andDSB,VSB,andVFTrepresentedmemoryfunction.Conclusion:TaiChiasamind-bodyexercisehasthepositiveeffectsonglobalcognitiveandmemoryfunctions,andmoreconsistentpositiveeffectswerefoundonmemoryfunction,especiallyverbalworkingmemory.
简介:从竞技体育公平竞争事件发生的时间顺序这一理论视角,包括起点公平、过程公平、结果公平3个时序阶段,辅以机会平等问题补充论述,对伦敦奥运会有关公平竞争的案例进行评论与分析。分析认为竞技体育起点公平问题不可消除,只能采取经济与技术援助的方式,缩小由竞争起点的不对等造成的竞争差距。过程公平问题受到竞赛价值选择、规则制定、运动员行为、裁判员行为、气候变化、场地环境等因素的影响。起点公平和过程公平并不能塑造一个公平的结果.国际组织机构的评价和国际媒体舆论的力量可以影响和改变结果公平。机会平等是公平竞争的前提,但是机会平等的实现,并不总是能获得公平的比赛结果。总体来说,公平竞争是一种理想,人类的所有努力只能无限接近公平竞争的理想状态,让比赛看起来更合理,尽可能平衡各方利益关系以减少争议。