关键词:英语写作;therebe结构;教学
众所周知,在英语写作中,固定句式的应用非常重要。句式使用准确率越高,得到的分数也会相应提高。本文重点探讨therebe结构的教与学。
首先,therebe+主语+状语,意为某处有(存在)某人或某物,其中要注意be的变化,其有现在时is/are、过去时was/were、将来时willbe/(is/are)goingtobe及完成时have/hasbeen的情形,此时主语一般为可数名词。
其次,therebe+主语+状语句式中,主语可为不可数名词,此时be全部用单数形式(特殊情况除外)。
再次,将therebe句式变为否定句时,一般情况下在be后加not即可,但在将来时和完成时中,not应位于助动词之后be之前。否定句中遇some变any;遇alotof变many或much;遇something/somebody变nothing/nobody。
最后,therebe+主语+状语句式,可转化为主语+be+表语。eg:Therearesomebooksonthedesk.=Somebooksareonthedesk.
下面本文将对therebe的结构特征从以下几个方面详细分析。
一、therebe结构的肯定句
英语表示某时某处有(指存在)某人某物时用“therebe+主语+状语”句型。eg:Therearetwentyboysinourclass.
therebe结构中,there是引导词,无词义,be是谓语动词,be后面的名词是主语,两者必须在数上保持一致;若有两个及以上主语时,谓语常与靠近它的那个主语一致。eg:Thereisabookonthedesk./Therearewaterandgrassonthisplace.
二、therebe的否定句和疑问结构
1.否定式(表“没有……”):Therebe+not(any)/no+主语…。eg:Therearenotanypeopleintheroom.Thereisnoairandnowateronthemoon.
2.疑问句①一般疑问句:Be+there+(any/no)+主语…?
eg:—Isthereanywaterintheglass?—Yes,thereissome./—No,thereisn’t(any).
②特殊疑问句:当提问定语或状语时,常用疑问词(+名词)+be+there+状语?eg:Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?
当提问定语时,对可数名词用howmany提问,对不可数名词用howmuch提问。eg:Thereisasheepunderthetree(对划线部分提问)。提问:Howmanysheeparethereunderthetree?
当提问主语时,不论单复数,均用what提问,且谓语用单数,最重要的是there要去掉,而回答时用单数或复数均可。
eg:Therearesomesheepunderthetalltree.提问:What’sunderthetalltree?回答:Therearesomesheep./Thereisasheep.
③反义疑问句:肯定句(Therebe+主语+状语)的反问句用Isn’t/Aren’t+there?否定句(Therebenot+主语+状语)的反问句用Is/Are+there构成,切不可用it/they代替there。eg:Thereissomecoffeeinthecup,isn’tthere?/Thereisnobodyintheclassroom,isthere?
三、therebe结构中的时态、助动词以及情态动词
therebe结构中be有不同的时态,且同各种助动词或情态动词连用。eg:Therewasalotofrainlastyear./Theremust/canbesomeoneintheroom.
四、“Therebe”结构中谓语动词的其他形式
下面,我们将对therebe的其他结构进行补充说明。
1.某时有某时:Thereare12monthsinayear.
2.预报天气:Therewillbeheavyrainthisevening.
3.有某人做某事:Thereissomebodysingingintheroom.
4.表推测:(Theremust/can/maysb./sth.+介词短语)Theremust/can/maybesomeoneintheclassroom.
5.固定句式:①Thereisnosense/nopurpose/nopoint/nouse/nogoodindoingsth.做某事没有意义。Thereisnosenseinhelpingsuchamanlikehim.
②Thereisno/somedifficulty/trouble/problemindoingsth.做某事没有/有些困难。Thereisnodifficultyinfinishingtheworkin2hours.
6.独立主格:Therebeing(Becausetherewas)nomoneyonme,IhadtoborrowsomefromLily.
7.therebe的复合结构:eg:①Iwanttheretobeahome.②Annneverdreamsoftherebeingachanceforhertobesentabroadforstudyoneday.
8.therebe的被动语态:eg:Thereissaid/reportedtobeafilmtomorrowevening.
9.Thereseems/happens/appears/usedtobe+sth./sb.…好像/碰巧/过去常常有。
eg:Thereseemstobenobodyinthehall.
10.除be外,能与there连用的系动词有stands/lives/exists/lies。
eg:Thereexistsagreedyoldmaninthetown.
11.Thereisnoneedtodosth.没有必要做某事。eg:Thereisnoneedtokillhim.
12.Thereissth./nothingwrong/thematterwithsb./sth.=Sth./Nothingiswrongwithsb.eg:Thereissomethingwrongwithmyeyes.
13.动名词在therebe结构中做主语的情形:thereisnodoingsth.
eg:Thereisnodenyingthefact.
14.同位语从句:
①Thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问……
eg:ThereisnodoubtthatTomwon’tcometohelpyou.
②Thereisno/apossibilitythat…没有可能/有可能……
eg:ThereisnopossibilitythatLilyhasgonetoEnglandforstudy.
③Therewasatimewhen…曾经……
eg:TherewasatimewhenIhadbeenhere.
综上所述,只要学生由浅入深、逐步理解、多加练习,牢记本文所讲,从肯定句、否定句、特殊问句、反问句及主语的变化影响到be的变化,要牢记心间,特别把时态及其高级句式背会并熟练使用。这样做的话,笔者认为一定会学好的。
(作者单位:甘肃省靖远三中730600)