简介：Thermalconvectiveprecipitation(TCP)oftenoccursovermainlandChinainsummerwhentheareaisdominatedbythewesternPacificsubtropicalhigh(WPSH).ItiswellknownthattheWPSHoftenbringsaboutlargescalesubsidence,thenwhycoulddeepmoistconvectionoccurandwheredoesthewatervaporcomefrom?Inthispaper,adeepconvectiveprecipitationcasethathappenedon2August2003isstudiedinordertoaddressthesetwoquestions.First,thecharacteristicsoftheTCPeventareanalyzedusingtheTropicalRainfallMeasuringMission(TRMM)satellitedata,automaticweatherstationobservations,andthedatafromtheUSNationalCentersforEnvironmentalPrediction(NCEP).Second,watervaporsourcesareidentifiedthroughexaminingsurfaceevaporation,watervaporadvection,andwatervaporfluxdivergencecalculatedbyusingaregionallyaveragedwatervaporbudgetequation.Furthermore,usinganAdvancedRegionalEta-coordinateModel(AREM),contributionsofsensibleandlatentheatfluxestotheTCParecomparedthroughfoursensitivityexperiments.TheresultsshowthatintheregionscontrolledbytheWPSH,surfacetemperaturerisesrapidlyaftersunrise.Uponreceivingenoughsensibleheat,theairgoesupandleadstoconvergenceintheloweratmosphere.Thenthewatervaporassembledfromthesurroundingsandthegroundsurfaceistransportedtotheupperlevels,andafavorableenvironmentfortheTCPforms.Amodeldatadiagnosisindicatesthatabouthalfofprecipitablewatercomesfromtheconvergenceofhorizontalfluxesofwatervapor,andtheotherhalffromsurfaceevaporation,whilelittleisfromadvection.AdditionalsensitivityexperimentsprovethatbothsensibleandlatentheatingareessentialfortheonsetoftheTCP.Thesensibleheatfluxtriggersthermodynamicascendingmotion,andthelatentheatfluxprovideswatervapor,butthecontributiontoTCPfromthelatterisalittlesmallerthanthatfromtheformer.

简介：在这研究，通过了台湾海峡的三热带气旋(TC)被分析；我们的结果与TC的紧张有关直接证明降水不是。从水预算的观点，潮湿流动集中主导、贡献为在在陆地上的海洋和几乎所有上的TC降水的70%潮湿，特别在TC发行量内。他们的空间分布也是类似的。蒸发在海洋上为降水贡献了30%潮湿，但是与时间改变了很少。潮湿流动集中能被划分成二部分：弯屈集中和潮湿移流。潮湿流动集中主要由于风集中，它在TC的西南的象限是主导的。潮湿移流位于北区域，并且当TC接近了陆地时，变得相对重要。潮湿流动集中和它的二部分在TC运动期间变化了，与乍见陆地加强和近在场的潮湿集中的收缩。三个TC盒子的垂直结构都显示潮湿集中主要在800hPa下面被限制到更低的空气，一个弱分叉区域在在550hPa附近的中间的对流层是在场的。

简介：在在灰尘天气的半球和它的可能的角色的低频率摆动在2002在诺思中国上袭击事件作为案例研究被分析。结果证明阿留申群岛之土人Low在3060天的摆动上在南半球与环极涡旋被连接，与趋于加深可能对尘暴事件的产生有用的阿留申群岛之土人Low的弱环极涡旋。在这后面的可能的机制是吝啬的经向环流的内部半球的相互作用，与在东亚上的主要可变性。在在上面的水平对流层的南半球的高纬度的带的吝啬的偏午可以带北半球的，它然后在北半球影响地方性环流。因此，低频率摆动电视连接是在在诺思中国上在南半球发行量和灰尘事件之间联合的一个可能的连接。然而，内部低频率摆动的年变化是不清楚的。

简介：中央规模台风Aere的降水上的山论的效果用一个先进地区性的希腊语字母的第七字坐标模型(AREM)版本被模仿3.0。特别地，潜伏的热版本的效果被二个可比较的实验学习：有或没有加热的condensational。结果证明台风降雨被东南的中国中央规模地面增加两倍，并且加热的condensational为增加的至少一半负责。潜伏的热版本的一个角色是温暖空气，导致地面气压的消沉，它然后在带的方向引起更大的压力差别。这气压梯度指导水蒸汽流进山麓丘陵，它接着放大放大的水蒸汽流动分叉，引起台风降雨最后增加。潜伏的热版本的另外的角色是使传送对流成为组织的更多，导致一个相对更小的雨区域和更强壮的降水。

简介：Followingsimilarderivationofquasi-geostrophicQvector(Q~G),anewQvector(Q~N)isconstructedinthisstudy.Theirdifferenceisthatthegeostrophicwindinquasi-geostrophicQvectorisreplacedbythewindinQ~Nvector.ThediagnosticanalysisofQ~NvectoriscomparedwiththatofQ~GvectorinthecasestudyofatypicalMeiyufrontcyclone(MYFC)occurredoverChangjiang-Huaiheregionsduring5-6July1991.TheresultsshowthattheQ~NvectorhasmorediagnosticadvantagesthanQ~Gvectordoes.ConvergenceofQ~Nvectorat700hPaisfoundtobeagoodindicatortomimicthehorizontaldistributionofprecipitation.Q~Nvectorisfurtherpartitionedintofourcomponents:Q_(alst)~N(along-streamstretching),Q_(curv)~N(curvature),Q_(shdv)~N(shearadvection),andQ_(crst)~N(cross-streamstretching)inanaturalcoordinatesystemwithisohypse(PGpartitioning).TheapplicationofQ~NPGpartitioningintheMYFCtorrentialrainindicatesthatPGpartitioningofQ~Ncanidentifydominantphysicalprocesses.Thehorizontaldistributionof2▽·Q_(alst)~Nissimilartothatof2▽·Q~Nandmainlyaccountsfor2▽·Q~NduringtheentireperiodofMeiyu.TheeffectsofQ_(curv)~Nonrainfallenhancementfadefromthematurestagetodecaystage.Q_(shdv)~NenhancesprecipitationsignificantlyastheMYFCdevelops,andtheeffectweakensrapidlywhentheMYFCdecaysduringitseastwardpropagation.Q_(crst)~Nshowslittleimpactsonrainfallduringtheonsetandmaturephaseswhereasitdisplayssignificantroleduringthedecayphase.Q_(alst)~NandQ_(curv)~N,Q_(shdv)~NandQ_(crst)~Nshowcancellationonlyduringthedecayperiod.

简介：

简介：在山东省有三下得很大的冰雹，在2002年6月1日由一种一样的东北寒冷旋涡状况引起了。发生在天气事件的Cloud-to-ground(CG)闪光被山东闪电察觉网络(SLDN)观察，它由在整个山东省盖住的10个传感器组成。CG闪电的时间、空间的分布被从SLDN，Doppler雷达和卫星使用数据为三下得很大的冰雹调查。结果证明不同雷雨介绍不同闪电特征就算在一样的摘要的状况下面。积极CG闪电的百分比在冰雹掉落的时期期间很高。CG闪光主要与比-50低的云顶亮度温度发生在这个区域

简介：A4-daypersistentrainstormresultinginseriousfloodingdisastersoccurredinthenorthofFujianProvinceundertheinfluencesofaquasi-stationaryMeiyufrontduring5-8June2006.With1~x1~latitudeandlongitudeNCEPreanalysisdataandthegroundsurfacerainfall,usingthepotentialvorticity(PV)analysisandPVinversionmethod,theevolutionofmainsynopticsystems,andthecorrespondingPVandPVperturbation(orPVanomalies)andtheirrelationshipwithheavyrainfallalongtheMeiyufrontareanalyzedinordertoinvestigatethephysicalmechanismoftheformation,development,andmaintenanceoftheMeiyufront.Furthermore,thePVperturbationsrelatedtodifferentphysicsareseparatedtoinvestigatetheirdifferentrolesintheformationanddevelopmentoftheMeiyufront.Theresultsshow:theformationandpersistenceoftheMeiyufrontinaquasi-WEorientationaremainlyduetothemaintenanceofthehigh-pressuresystemsinitssouth/northsides(theWestPacificsubtropicalhigh/thehighpressurebandextendingfromtheKoreanPeninsulatoeastofNorthChina).TheMeiyufrontiscloselyassociatedwiththePVinthelowertroposphere.ThelocationofthepositivePVperturbationontheMeiyufrontmatcheswellwiththemainheavyrainfallareaalongtheMeiyufront.ThePVinversionrevealsthatthebalancedwindssatisfyingthenonlinearbalancedassumptionrepresenttoalargeextenttherealatmosphericflowanditsevolutionbasicallyreflectsthevariationofstreamflowassociatedwiththeMeiyufront.TheunbalancedflowformstheconvergencebandoftheMeiyufrontanditmainlycomesfromthehigh-pressuresysteminthenorthsideoftheMeiyufront.ThepositivePVperturbationrelatedtolatentheatreleaseinthemiddle-lowertroposphereisoneofthemainfactorsinfluencingtheformationanddevelopmentoftheMeiyufront.ThepositivevorticitybandfromthetotalbalancedwindsisinaccordancewiththeMeiyufrontbandandthemagnitudeofthepositivevorticityfromthebalan

简介：Thisstudyintroducesanewdynamicalquantity,sheargradientvorticity(SGV),whichisdefinedasverticalwindshearmultiplyingthehorizontalcomponentofvorticitygradient,aimingtodiagnoseheavyprecipitationinducedbysomestrongconvectiveweathersystems.Thevorticitygradientcomponentcanbeusedtostudythecollisionormergingprocessbetweendifferentvortexesorthedeformationofavortexwithasharpvorticitygradient.Verticalwindshear,anothercontributedcomponentofSGV,alwaysrepresentstheenvironmentaldynamicalfactorinmeteorology.Bythecombinedeffectofthetwocomponents,overall,SGVcanrepresenttheinteractionbetweentheenvironmentalwindshearandtheevolutionofvortexeswithalargevorticitygradient.Othertraditionalvorticity-likedynamicalquantities(suchashelicity)havethelimitationinthediagnosisoftheconvection,sincetheydonotconsiderthevorticitygradient.Fromthisperspective,SGVhasthepotentialtodiagnosesomestrongconvectiveweatherprocesses,suchasExtratropicalTransition(ET)oftropicalcyclonesandtheevolutionofmulticellstorms.TheforecastperformanceofSGVforthenumericalETcaseofTyphoonToraji(0108)hasbeenevaluated.Comparedwithhelicity,SGVhasshownagreateradvantagetoforecastthedistributionofheavyprecipitationmoreaccurately,especiallyinthefrontalzone.

简介：Basedon6-hourlysensibleheatfluxandlatentheatfluxfromtheNCEPClimateForecastSystemReanalysis(CFSR)andcirculationdatafromtheJapanese25-yearReanalysis(JRA-25),theinitialdevelopingprocessoftropicalcycloneMindulle(1005)in2010hasbeendiagnosedtorevealtheimpactofair-seainteractionovertheSouthChinaSea(SCS)onthegenesisofitsincipientvortex.TheresultsshowthattheincipientvortexfirstoccurredeastoftheLuzonIslandon0000UTC20August,suggestingthatthetopographicforcingoftheLuzonIslandforeasterlywindsoverthewesternPacificmightbeoneofthefactorsresponsiblefortheformationoftheincipientvortex.Duringtheformationstageoftheincipientvortex,strongsoutheasterliesovertheSCScausedwarmwaterofthemiddleandeasternSCStoflowtowardtheLuzonIslandduetoEkmantransportresultingfromwindstress,leadingtoanincreaseoftheseasurfacetemperatureandsensibleheatfluxintotheatmosphere.Althoughtheanomaloussensibleheatingfavoredsurfacepressuretoreduce,itwasnotconducivetotheincreaseoflocalvorticityassociatedwiththevortexabovetheheatingareabecause,accordingtotheatmosphericthermaladaptationtheory,theanticyclonicvorticitywouldbecreatedinthelowertroposphereduetothedecreasedverticalgradientofthesensibleheating.However,theascendingmotionsoccurredovertheeasternareaoftheanomaloussensibleheatingduetotheaugmentationofthevorticityadvectionwithincreasingheight,causingwatervaportocondenseinthemiddleanduppertroposphere.Inturn,cyclonicvorticitywasgeneratedinthelowertroposphereduetotheincreasedverticalgradientofthecondensationlatentheating,resultingintheformationandfurthergrowthoftheincipientvortex.Therefore,thevorticitycreationduetothecondensationheatingplayedadominantroleduringthesubsequentenhancingstageoftheincipientvortex.

简介：Inthispaper,theforecastingequationsofa2nd-orderspace-timedifferentialremainderarededucedfromtheNavier-StokesprimitiveequationsandEulerianoperatorbyTaylor-seriesexpansion.Hereweintroduceacubicsplinenumericalmodel(SplineModelforshort),whichiswithaquasi-Lagrangiantime-splitintegrationschemeoffittingcubicspline/bicubicsurfacetoallphysicalvariablefieldsintheatmosphericequationsonsphericaldiscretelatitude-longitudemesh.Anewalgorithmof'fittingcubicspline—timestepintegration—fittingcubicspline—……'isdevelopedtodeterminetheirfirst-and2nd-orderderivativesandtheirupstreampointsfortimediscreteintegraltothegoverningequationsinSplineModel.AndthecubicsplinefunctionanditsmathematicalpolaritiesarealsodiscussedtounderstandtheSplineModel’smathematicalfoundationofnumericalanalysis.ItispointedoutthattheSplineModelhasmathematicallawsof'convergence'ofthecubicsplinefunctionscontractingtotheoriginalfunctionsaswellasits1st-orderand2nd-orderderivatives.The'optimality'ofthe2nd-orderderivativeofthecubicsplinefunctionsisoptimalapproximationtothatoftheoriginalfunctions.Inaddition,aHermitebicubicpatchisequivalenttooperateonagridfora2nd-orderderivativevariablefield.Besides,theslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferenceareidentifiedrespectively,withasmoothingcoefficientof1/3,three-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline.Thentheslopesandcurvaturesofacentraldifferencearecalculatedfromthesmoothingcoefficient1/3andthree-pointsmoothingofthatofacubicspline,respectively.Furthermore,aglobalsimulationcaseofadiabatic,non-frictionaland'incompressible'modelatmosphereisshownwiththequasi-LagrangiantimeintegrationbyusingaglobalSplineModel,whoseinitialconditioncomesfromtheNCEPreanalysisdata,alongwithquasi-uniformlatitude-longitudegridsandtheso-called'shallowatmosphere'Navier-Stokesprimitiveequationsinthes