简介：Thispaperanalyzestheadvantagesanddisadvantagesoftwotechni-callinesforautomaticgroupgeneralizationofcontourlines.Theauthorsuggeststhatitispossibletogetfasterandbettergeneralizationresultsifwesimulatetheintelligenceofhumanexpertsinprogramdesigning,retrievegeomorphologicalstructuralinformationusingtheinputdataof2-Dcontourlinesandderiveandoutputthegeneralied2-Dresultsdirectly.

简介：Atheoreticalmodelwasusedtoinvestigatetheinfluencesofenvironmentalandtopographicparametersontheatmosphericthree-layerinternalshipwaves.TheresultsshowthatboththewavelengthandthewedgeangledecreasewithanincreaseintheScorerparameter,andtherateofchangesinthewavelengthandwedgeanglearealsoalike.Theresultsalsoshowthatthewedgeangledecreaseswithanincreaseinthewidthofmountain,butthewavelengthvarieslittlewithit.Itissuggestedthatthewedgeangleisdeterminedbytheratioofthewavelengthtothescaleofthemountain.Besides,numericalsensitivityexperimentswereperformedtotesttheformernumericalexperiments.Thesimulatedresultsareconsistentwiththeanalyticalresults.

简介：理解在地志的索引和庄稼收益可变性之间的关系在卷风景为土壤管理和庄稼生产是重要的。在Alvena和赫本，的二块农业地萨克其万，加拿大被选择检验索引怎么地志与小麦产量在下面有关二地志并且在加拿大人的天气条件大草原。二个地点的风景作为圆丘般被分类，主导的土壤类型是AridicUstoll。在产量，地形学，土壤，和天气之中的关系用小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)被分析从在2001的Alvena(干燥的年)的谷物产量并且2004(湿年)并且从在1998的赫本(干燥的年)。Topographic/soil索引包括了相对举起，湿索引在斜坡长度上面，弯曲，土壤有机物，和在播种前的土壤潮湿存储。结果显示了那，在干燥的年里，关联系数在之间在斜坡上面，长度和谷物产量在1998为浅轻轻的滚动风景(赫本)在2001和0.73为典型滚动风景(Alvena)是0.79。在湿年(2004)里，在产量和topographic/soil属性之间的关系不象在干燥的年里一样强壮。因此，在斜坡上面，长度是为干燥的年里的二处风景的最好的收益指示物，而没有地志的索引高度被相关在湿年里收割产量。那些地志的索引在识别收益可变性并且描出似乎有用合适的管理地区。

简介：Climateisadominantenvironmentalfactorinbuildingecosystemstructureanddrivingbioticdynamicswithtopographicdependenceonspatialdistribution.Thispaperdemonstratestheapplicationofinterpolationtechniquetodescribespatialclimatedistribution.Adigitalelevationmodel(DEM)inresolutionof0.01degreeoflatitudeandlongitudehasbeendevelopedbecausetheincorporationofspatialdependenceontopographyiscrucialtoaccuracyofinterpolation.Climatedatafromsparseanddiscr...

简介：Thepolarlowandtropicalcyclonetypevorticesovertopographyareassumedtobetheaxisymmetricalandthermal-windbalancedsystems,whicharesolvedasaninitialvalueproblemofalinearizedvortexequationsetincylindricalcoordinates.Therolesofthesensibleandlatentheating,friction,andtopographyinthestructureandintensificationofthepolarlowandtropicalcyclonetypevorticesareanalyzed.Theradialvelocity,verticalvelocity,azimuthalvelocity,andtheunstablegrowthrateincludingthetopographyeffectsareobtained.Itisshownthattheinteractionbetweentheflowandthetopographyplaysasignificantroleinthestructureandintensificationofthepolarlowandtropicalcyclonesystem.Theanalysisofthetopographytermindicatesthat,intheup-slopesideofthemountain,theradialinflowandtheverticalascentforcedbythemountaincanintensifythepolarlowandtropicalcyclonetypevortexandincreasetheunstablegrowthrate.However,intheleesideofthemountain,theradialinflowandtheverticaldescentforcedbythemountaincanweakenthepolarlowandtropicalcyclonetypevortexanddecreasetheunstablegrowthrateofthepolarlowandtropicalcyclonesystem.Inaddition,theevolutionaryprocessandthespatialstructureofthepolarlowobservedovertheJapanSeaon19December2003areinvestigatedwiththeobservationaldatatoverifythistheoreticalresult.

简介：Theroleplayedbythediffractionfieldontheproblemofseismicsiteeffectsisstudied.ForthatpurposewesolveandanalyzesimplescatteringproblemsunderPandSVin-planewaveassumptions,usingtwowellknowndirectboundary-element-basednumericalmethods.Afterestablishingthedifferencebetweenscatteredanddiffractedmotions,andintroducingtheconceptofartificiousandphysicallybasedincomingfields,weobtaintheamplitudeoftheFourierspectraforthediffractedpartoftheresponse:thisisachievedafterestablishingtheconnectionbetweenthespatialdistributionofthetransferfunctionoverthestudiedsimpletopographiesandthediffractedfield.Fromthenumericalsimulationsitisobservedthatthisdiffractedpartoftheresponseisresponsiblefortheamplificationofthesurfacegroundmotionsduetothegeometriceffect.Furthermore,itisalsofoundthatthediffractionfieldsetsinafingerprintofthetopographiceffectinthetotalgroundmotions.Theseconclusionsarefurthersupportedbyobservationsinthetime-domainintermsofsnapshotsofthepropagationpatternsoverthecompletecomputationalmodel.Inthissensethegeometricsingularitiesareclearlyidentifiedassourcesofdiffractionandfortheconsideredrangeofdimensionlessfrequenciesitisevidentthatlargeramplificationsareobtainedforthegeometriescontainingalargernumberofdiffractionsourcesthusresultinginastrongertopographiceffect.Theneedforclosed-formsolutionsofcanonicalproblemstoconstructarobustanalysismethodbasedonthediffractionfieldisidentified.

简介：ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｍａｎｙｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆｔｏｐｏｇｒａｐｈｙｆｏｒＭＴｆｉｅｌｄｓａｐｐｅａｒｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｐａｓｔｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｂｕｔｍｏｓｔｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｋｓａｒｅ２－Ｄｒｅｓ...

简介：复杂地形学在多山的区域对采伐森林缓冲森林。然而，如果地面也在人的影响是可能的是地面抑制的更少的低地塑造森林分发，它是未知的。在如此的区域，如果重要根本，地志的效果将取决于文化历史的因素并且因此人驱动(人为)而非自然，除了在一般气候或极端玷污的区域，限制森林的出现。我们使用了空间回归当模特儿估计地志的因素向解释森林分发的程度(存在缺席在一48?敳敬瑣摥

简介：Insituwhite-beamsynchrotronradiationtopographicobservationsunderanelectricfieldhavebeenmadeontheKTiOPO4(KTP)familyofcrystals.Theinvestigationshowsastrongenhancementofdiffractedintensityforhklreflections(l≠0)andtopographiccontrastintheformoffinestriationswhentheexternalelectricfieldisparalleltothepolaraxis.Severalkkindsofdopedandundopedsampleswithvariousgrown-indefects,suchasdomainboundaries.growthstriations,growth-sectorboundaries.dislocations.etc.,havebeenstudiedindetail.Theresultssuggestthatthesedefectshaveverylittleeffectonthefield-inducedstriations,ItisbelievedthatthemovementofK^+ionsdrivenbytheelectricfieldleadstoalocalaccumulationofchargesandalatticedistortion.Thestronlyanisotropicconductivityisagoverningfactorintheexplanationofthefield-relatedphenomenainthiskindofquasi-one-dimensionalconductor.

简介：由地志的特征散布飞机嘘波浪在一分层横着各向同性(TI)一半空间被使用一个间接边界元素方法(IBEM)调查。第一，反飞机分层的TI一半空间的动态僵硬矩阵被建立，免费的地被使用直接僵硬方法解决。然后，草地函数为在分层的TI一半空间对一根使倾向的线起作用的一致地分布式的负担被导出，散布的地与推出的草地函数被构造。最后，免费的地被加到散布的获得全球动态回答。方法被把结果与出版的各向同性的作比较验证。两个都，不变、短暂的动态回答被评估并且讨论。在频率领域的数字结果证明为TI媒介的表面运动能与为各向同性的案例的那些显著地不同，它强烈依赖于anisotropy性质，事件角度和事件频率。在时间领域的结果证明材料anisotropy在最大的持续时间和时间历史的最大的振幅上有重要效果。

简介：在中国的三个峡区域，土壤侵蚀和结果的非点来源污染和生态的降级危及了农业生态系统和新鲜的水水库。尽管努力被承担了从斜坡土地减少土壤和水损失，为柠檬生产使用，管理的效果的信息在土壤富饶索引上练习也有限或不存在。这研究被进行比较10年各种各样的管理惯例的效果，柠檬与白苜蓿(WC)杂种，有稻草(SM)的柠檬mulched，柠檬与轮廓灌木篱墙(CH)杂种，有透不过的膜(IM)的柠檬果园土地，并且柠檬与小麦(Triticumaestivum)和花生(Arachrishypogaea)(WP)杂种，，土壤富饶上的处理与常规柠檬管理(厘米)的索引。结果证明器官的碳，全部、可得到的氮，可得到的钾，和水马厩聚集的土壤(>0.25公里)在0–5厘米深度的内容比CM处理为WC和SM处理是更高的。也在沿着WC和SM治疗的斜坡的土壤生育力有空间变化。土壤总数和可得到的氮，磷，和钾，和水马厩聚集(>0.25公里)在两个满足0–5和5–20厘米深度比CM处理为CH和IM处理是更高的。氮和可得到的钾满足的可得到的平均土壤比CM处理为WP处理是更高的，但是WP处理在器官的碳，全部的氮，和水马厩聚集的土壤上有小效果(>0.25公里)内容。这些建议白苜蓿杂种和稻草mulching是最有效的途径在三个峡区域的柠檬果园土地改进土壤富饶。

简介：AnovelcrystalcharacterizationinstrumenthasbeenbuiltupinwhichacombinationofX-raymultiplediffractionandX-raytopographyisappliedtoenablingthecross-correlationbetweenmicro-crystallographicsymmetryanditsspatialdependenceinrelationtolatticedefects.Thisfacilityisusedtoexamine,inaselfconsistentmanner,growthsector-dependantchangestoboththecrystallographicstructureandthelatticedefectsassociatedwiththeactionofhabit-modifyingadditivesinanumberofrepresentativecrystalgrowthsystems.Inaddition,thenewinstrumentcanbeusedtoprobemicro-crystallographicaspects(suchasdistortiontocrystalsymmetry)andrelatetheseinaspatiallyresolvedmannertothecrystaldefectstructureincrystalsdopedwithknownhabitmodifiers.