简介：Equilibriumproblemofpureexchangeeconomyisstudied.Aneconomicsequilibriummodelwithexpenditurecharacterisproposedandtheexistenceofexpenditureequilibriumisproven.

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简介：这篇论文与污染学习一个随机的内长的生长模型。Itintroduces政府开销和外长的污染消退技术到消除污染并且证明在适当平衡条件下面，主要经济索引(包括经济生长率，最佳的政府开销率)在集中地计划的经济和分散的经济，罐头被模型的参数特别地表示。Theoptimal税政策被分析，并且最佳的污染被导出。

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简介：这份报纸在小开的经济与productivegovernment开销雇用一个随机的内长的生长模特儿分析最佳的财政政策。首先，小开的经济的astochastic模型被构造。第二，therepresentative代理人的平衡答案“s随机的优化问题被导出。第三，我们获得中央规划者的equilibriumsolutions“s随机的优化问题和最佳的governmentexpenditure政策。最后，最佳的税政策被描绘。

简介：Duringourresearch,Ithasbeenfoundthatbodyaccelerationhasstrongrelationshipswiththehumanenergyexpenditure.Thispaperdiscussesthemethodstoassessphysicalactivityandconcludesthatforaccurateassessmentofphysicalactivityunderfreelivingconditionstherecentlyintroducedaccelerometerlooksmostpromising.Wedevelopedanewcomputerizedmachinetoassessthebodyactivityandenergyexpenditure.Testdatasofthetreadmillexperiment,respirationexperimentand5-kilometer-runningexperimenthavebeenarchieved,wefoundthatbodyaccerationintegralswithtimehaslinearrelationswithbodyenergyexpenture.

简介：<正>Background:Increasingcaloricexpenditureinphysicaleducationisconsideredaneffectiveschool-basedapproachtoaddressingthechildobesityepidemic.Thisstudywasdesignedtodeterminesynergisticinfluencesofstudentcharacteristicsandlessonfactorsoncaloricexpenditureinelementaryandmiddleschoolphysicaleducation.Methods:Thestudyusedamulti-leveldesign.Level-1factorsincludedpersonalcharacteristics:age,gender,andbodymassindex.Level-2factorsincludedlessonlength,content,andschoollevel.BasedontheCenterforDiseaseControlandPreventionage—genderadjustedgrowthchart,studentsin87classesfrom14elementaryand15middleschoolswerepre-screenedinto"Overweight","Healthyweight",or"Thin"groups.Oneboyandonegirlwererandomlyselectedfromeachgroupineachclassasdataproviders(264elementaryand294middleschoolstudents).Caloricexpenditurewasmeasuredin243physicaleducationlessonsusingaccelerometers.Results:Analysisofvariancerevealedandhierarchicallinearmodelingconfirmedseparateagebybodymassindex,agebygender,andcontentbylesson—lengthinteractioneffects,suggestingthatthepersonalandlessonfactorsinfluencedcaloricexpenditureindependently.Oldermaleandheavierstudentsburnedmorecaloriesinalllessons.Studentsburnedmorecaloriesin45—60minsportskillorfitnesslessonsthaninshorter(30min)orlonger(75—90min)gameormulti-activitylessons.Conclusions:Thehypothesizedcross-levelinteractionwasnotobservedinthedata.Caloricexpenditurecanbeoptimizedin45—60minsportskillorfitnessdevelopmentlessons.Itcanberecommendedthatschoolsadopt45—60minlessonlengthandprovideskillandfitnessdevelopmenttasksinphysicaleducationtomaximizecaloricexpenditure.

简介：MinistryofCommercereleasedtheincreasequantityofChina'smainimportgoods.Wheninternationaloilpricekeepsincreasing,Chinashowsthesituationofquantityandpriceincreasing.Amongwhichtheimportcrudeoilincreased15.6%year-on-year,thevalueincreased53.9%;whileoilimportquantityincreased

简介：Background:Wearablemonitors（WMs）areusedtoestimatethetimespentinsedentarybehaviors（SBs）andlight-intensityphysicalactivities（LPAs）andtheirassociatedenergycost;however,theaccuracyofWMsinmeasuringbehaviorsonthelowerendoftheintensityspectrumisunclear.Theaimofthisstudywastoassessthevalidityof3WMs（ActiGraphGT3X+;activPAL,andSenseWear2）inestimatingtheintensityofSBandLPAinadultsascomparedwiththecriterionmeasureofoxygenuptake（VO2）measuredbyindirectcalorimetry.Methods:Sixteenparticipants（age:25.38±8.58years）woretheActiGraphGT3X+,activPAL,andSenseWear2devicesduring7sedentary-to-lightactivities.VO2（mL/kg/min）wasestimatedbymeansofaportablegasanalyzer,OxyconMobile（Carefusion,YorbaLinda,CA,USA）.Alldataweretransformedintometabolicequivalentsandanalyzedusingmeanpercentageerror,equivalenceplots,Bland-Altmanplots,kappastatistics,andsensitivity/specificity.Results:MeanpercentageerrorwaslowestfortheactivPALforSB（14.9%）andLPA（9.3%）comparedwithotherWMs,whichwere>21.2%.NoneoftheWMsfellwithintheequivalencyrangeof±10%ofthecriterionmeanvalue.Bland-AltmanplotsrevealednarrowerlevelsofagreementwithallWMsforSBthanforLPA.KappastatisticswerelowforallWMs,andsensitivityandspecificityvariedbyWMtype.Conclusion:NoneoftheWMstestedinthisstudywereequivalentwiththecriterionmeasure（VO2）inestimatingsedentary-to-lightactivities;however,theactivPALhadgreateroverallaccuracyinmeasuringSBandLPAthandidtheActiGraphandSenseWear2monitors.

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简介：Purpose:Totesttheeffectivenessofsittingsurfaceswithvariedamountsofstabilityonmuscleactivityandenergyexpenditure.Methods:Usingawithin-participantsrepeatedmeasuresdesign,11healthyyoung-adultfemales(age=20.0±1.8years)weremeasuredusingindirectcalorimetrytoassessenergyexpenditure,andelectromyographytoassessmuscularactivationintrunkandlegmusculatureunder3differentsittingsurfaces:flat-firmsurface,air-filledcushion,andastabilityball.Datawereanalyzedusingrepeatedmeasuresanalysisofvariancewithfollow-uppairwisecontrastsusedtodeterminethespecificeffectsofsittingsurfaceonmuscleactivationandenergyexpenditure.Results:Significantlygreaterenergyexpenditurewasrecordedforthestabilityball(p=0.01)andthecushion(p=0.03)overtheflatsurface(10.4%and9.6%greater,respectively),withnodifferencesbetweentheballandthecushion.Boththeballandthecushionproducedhighertibialisanterioractivationovertheflatsurface(1.09and0.63root-mean-squaremillivolts(RMSmv),respectively),whilethestabilityballproducedhighersoleusactivityoverbothcushionandflatsurfaces(3.97and4.24RMSmv,respectively).Additionally,thecushionelicitedhigheradductorlongusactivityovertheballandflatsurfaces(1.76and1.81RMSmv,respectively),butnotrunkmusculaturedifferenceswererevealed.Conclusion:Compliantsurfacesresultedinhigherlevelsofmuscularactivationinthelowerextremitiesfacilitatingincreasedcaloricexpenditure.Giventheincreasingtrendsinsedentarycareersandtheincreasesinobesity,thisisanimportantfindingtovalidatethemeritsofactivesittingfacilitatingincreasedcaloricexpenditureandmuscleactivation.

简介：Therelationshipbetweentheemissionofpollutantandeconomicgrowthhasattractedalotofattentionintheenvironmentaldebateoftherecentdecades.BasedonsometheoreticalandempiricalresearchonenvironmentalKuznetscurve(EKC),thispaperintroducestheenvironmentaltechnicalinnovationandenvironmentalinvestmentintoSolowgrowthmodeltodiscusstherelationshipbetweenGDPpercapitalandtheemissionofpollutant.Bythedynamicsimulationandparametersanalysis,theresultsofthemodelindicate:(1)when'green'technicalprogressandenvironmentalinvestmentarefixed,therelationshipbetweenGDPpercapitalandtheemissionshowsthelinearrelationship;(2)'green'technicalprogresscanleadtothepositivegrowthrateswithadecreasinglevelofemis-sion,whichiscompatiblewithanEKC;(3)theproportionoftheenvironmentalinvestmentcanleadthedifferentgrowthratesandlevelofemission.Theseresultscanexplainthatdevelopingcountriesare'toopoortobegreen'.

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简介：Background:Althoughemergingresearchisdemonstratingthepotentialhealthimpactofexergaming,investigationshaveprimarilybeenconductedinlaboratorysettingsamongsmallsampleswithshort-terminterventions.Informationontheeffectivenessofexergaminginunderservedchildren’sobjectivephysicalactivity(PA)inpopulation-basedsettingsisalsoscarce.Moreover,mostempiricalstudieshaveonlyincluded1typeofexergameintheintervention.Therefore,thisstudy’spurposewastoinvestigatethelong-termimpactofamultigameexergaminginterventionamongunderservedchildrenintegratedwithinschoolcurricula.Specifically,thisstudyexaminedtheeffectofexergamingonchildren’saccelerometer-determinedsedentarybehavior(SB),lightPA,moderate-to-vigorousPA(MVPA),andenergyexpenditure(EE)over2yearsascomparedwithregularphysicaleducation(PE)classes.Methods:Atotalof261second-andthird-gradechildren(134girls,127boys;meanage8.27years)wererecruitedfrom2Texaselementaryschools.Children’spre-test3-daySB,lightPA,MVPA,andEEatschoolwereassessedinthefallof2012.Participantswereassignedto1of2groups:(1)exergaming/PEgroup(125minweeklyofexergaming-basedPAprogram)and(2)comparisongroup(125minweeklyofPE).PA(SB,lightPA,andMVPA)andEEoutcomevariableswereassessedagainin2013(post-test)and2014(follow-up).Results:SignificanttimeeffectswereobservedforSB(F(1,162)=25.0,p<0.01,η~2=0.14),lightPA(F(1,162)=9.6,p<0.01,η~2=0.06),andMVPA(F(1,162)=6.2,p=0.01,η~2=0.04)butnotforEE(F(1,162)=0.63,p>0.05,η~2=0.004).Subsequentpairwisecomparisonsrevealedsignificantincreasesfrompre-topost-testforlightPA(p<0.01),MVPA(p<0.01),andEE(p=0.02)withnochangesinSB(p>0.05).Conversely,significantdecreasesoccurredinlightPA(p<0.01)frompost-testtofollow-upwithnodifferencesseeninMVPA(p=0.08)andEE(p=0.06)overthesametimeperiod.Asignificantincreasewasseen,however,forSBfrompost-testtofollow-up.Conclusion:Exergami