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简介：Humanactivitiesmakestrongeffectsonsoilformation.AnthropogenicsoilsaremuchmoreintensiveandextensiveinChinafortheirhistoryofagriculturalproductioncanbedatedbacktomorethan7000yearsagoOwingtodifferentphysicalconditionsandlanduses,theanthropogenicsoil-formingprocessesarevariousAnthrosolsareproposed,andthecorrespondingsoilorderissetupinChineseSoilTaxonomy(CST),Mainlybasedon6Anthropogenicdiagnostichorizons,whichareanthraquicepipedon,hydragrichorizon,irragricepipedon,cumulicepipedon,fimicepipedonandagrichorzon,theAnthrosolsOrderissubividedinto2soilsubordersand4soilgroups.MeanwhiletheclassificationofAnthrosolsinCSThasbeenbasicallyacceptedastheclassificationofAnthrosolsinWorldReferenceBaseforSoilResources(WRB).

简介：ThenewChineseleadershipisfullyawareoftheimportanceofastableandpeacefulinternationalenvironmentforthecountry’sdevelopment.LastyearwasimportanttobothChinaandtheworldatlarge.Overshadowedbyalingeringglobaeconomicslump,thechillsoftheEuropeandebtcrisiswerestillbroadlyfelt,puttingadamperongrowthineconomiesaroundtheworld.Despite

简介：1Chemistryandsynthesis1.1ProductionandcontrolofmaterialsThesedaystherecanbefewpeoplewhodonotknowthatproteinsaredefinedbyDNA.DNAismadeoftwostrands,eachofwhichhasalongit,likeastringoffairylights,sidebranchesthatmeetbetweenthestrandsandholdthemtogether.

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简介：Background:ThiscontributionevaluatestheeffectofforeststructureandtreespeciesdiversityonplotproductivityandindividualtreegrowthintheuniqueKnysnaforestsinSouthernAfricausingmappedtreedatafromanobservationalstudythathasbeenre-measuredoveraperiodof40years.Methods:Theeffectsoftreespeciesdiversityandforeststructureontreegrowthandforestproductionareevaluatedonthreelevelsofresolution:a)theforestcommunity(canopy,sub-canopyspecies),b)thesubplots(numberoftreesperha,skewnessofthediameterdistribution,diametercoefficientofvariation)andc)theimmediateneighborhoodofselectedreferencetrees('Mingling','Dominance',Aggregation'and'SizeVariation').Results:Ananalysisofthecommunitylevelidentifiedtwodistinctclusters,oneincludingdominant/canopyspecieswiththehighestgrowthratesandagreatervariationofgrowth,andanotherclusterwhichincludestheremainingsubcanopyspecieswhichhaveasmallermaximumsizeandlowerratesofgrowth.Thearea-basedstructurevariablesonplotlevelhaveahighlysignificanteffectontotalbasalareagrowth.However,theeffectsofforestdensityandspeciesrichnessonproductivitywerenotstraightforward.Maximumbasalareaproductionofabout0.75m~2/ha/yearisachievedatmediumlevelsofrichness(around20speciesperha)andmediumlevelsofdensity(around30m~2/habasalarea)usingpercentileregressionestimates.Therelative'Dominance'ofaselectedreferencetreehadahighlysignificanteffectonindividualtreegrowthonallinvestigatedspecies.Otherneighbourhoodstructurevariableswereonlyoccasionallysignificantornotsignificantatall.Conclusion:Thiscontributionpresentsanewtheoreticalframeworkforanalysingnaturalforeststhatincludescommunity,plotandneighborhoodvariablesofforeststructureanddiversity,andafirstspecificanalysisofthestructureanddynamicsoftheKnysnaAfromontaneForest,basedonauniquesetoflongtermobservations.Thespecies-area(SAR

简介：TcellhomeostasiscommonlyreferstothemaintenanceofrelativelystableTcellnumbersintheperipherallymphoidorgans.AmongthelargenumbersofTcellsintheperiphery,Tcellsexhibitstructuraldiversity,I.e.,theexpressionofadiverserepertoireofTcellreceptors(TCRs),andfunctionaldiversity,I.e.,thepresenceofTcellsatna(I)ve,effector,andmemorydevelopmentalstages.AlthoughthehomeostasisofTcellnumbershasbeenextensivelystudied,investigationofthemechanismsunderlyingthemaintenanceofstructuralandfunctionaldiversityofTcellsisstillatanearlystage.ThefundamentalfeaturethroughoutTcelldevelopmentistheinteractionbetweentheTCRandeitherselforforeignpeptidesinassociationwithMHCmolecules.Inthisreview,wepresentevidenceshowingthathomeostasisofTcellnumberanddiversityismediatedthroughcompetitionforlimitingresources.ThenumberofTcellsismaintainedthroughcompetitionforlimitingcytokines,whereasthediversityofTcellsismaintainedbycompetitionforself-peptide-MHCcomplexes.Inotherwords,diversityoftheself-peptiderepertoirelimitsthestructural(TCR)diversityofaTcellpopulation.Wespeculatethatcognatelowaffinityself-peptides,actingasweakagonistsandantagonists,regulatethehomeostasisofTcelldiversitywhereasnon-cognateornullpeptideswhichareextremelyabundantforanygivenTCR,maycontributetothehomeostasisofTcellnumberbyprovidingsurvivalsignals.Moreover,self-peptidesandcytokinesmayformspecializednichesfortheregulationofTcellhomeostasis.

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简介：MicroRNAs(miRNAs)areendogenouslyexpressednon-codingRNAsof20-24nucleotides,whichpost-transcriptionallyregulategeneexpressioninplantsandanimals.RecentlyithasbeenrecognizedthatmiRNAscompriseoneoftheabundantgenefamiliesinmulticellularspecies,andtheirregulatoryfunctionsinvariousbiologicalprocessesarewidelyspread.Therehasbeenasurgeintheresearchactivitiesinthisfieldinthepastfewyears.Fromtheverybeginning,computationalmethodshavebeenutilizedasindispensabletools,andmanydiscoverieshavebeenobtainedthroughcombinationofexperimentalandcomputationalapproaches.Inthisreview,bothbiologicalandcomputationalaspectsofmiRNAwillbediscussed.AbriefhistoryofthediscoveryofmiRNAanddiscussionofmicroarrayapplicationsinmiRNAresearcharealsoincluded.

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简介：Healthcareconsumersnolongerwanttobepassivereceiversoftreatmentandcare,theywanttobetohealthinformation,thankslargelytotheInternet,andactivehealthconsumerorganizationshaveprovidedconsumerswithenablingindependenthealthinformation.Individualconsumersarealsomorewillingtoenterintoadialogue,participateandinfluencedecisionsconcerningtheirowncare.Atthesametimetheconsumerrolebecomesmorediverse.Populationsinmanycountriestodayareculturally,socially,anddemographicallydiverse.Understandingconsumerdiversityisoneofthegreatestchallengesfacinghealthcareproviders.Thereisariskthatthequalityofhealthcareprovidedtoconsumerscanvarydependingontheskillsoftheprofessionalstoruneintothevaluesandpreferencesoftheindividualconsumer.Healthcareprovidersneedtolistentoandincorporateconsumers'experiencesintotheirhealthserviceofferingsinnewandcreativeways.Theyneedtoengageinadialoguewithvariousconsumergroupsusingmultiplechannels.Thereisaneedforanewbusinesslogic,whichwouldstructurallyhelptheproviders,onanindividualbasistodealwithmoresophisticatedhealthcareconsumers.Thisisareviewpaperandprovidesaframeworkandasetofstrategiesfordealingwithhealthconsumerdiversity.Wedrawonthreeinterrelatedtheories-opensystemstheory,servicemanagementresearchandtheconceptofconsumersegmentationtounderstandhealthcareconsumers'attitudesandbehaviour,andtheirexpectations.

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简介：Anacousticbasedinstrument,theABSAcousticBubbleSpectrometer??(ABS),wasinvestigatedforthedetectionandquantificationofbubblesinbiologicalmedia.Theseincludeviscoelasticmedia(blood),materialsofvaryingdensity(boneintissue),non-homogenousdistributionofbubbles(intravenousbubblyflow),andbubblesmigratingintissue(decompressionsickness,DCS).TheperformanceoftheABSwasdemonstratedinaseriesoflaboratoryexperiments.Validationofthecodewasperformedusingaviscoelasticpolymersolution,Polyox,inwhichthebubblesizedistributionandvoidfractionweredeterminedbyABSmeasurementsandwithimageanalysisofhighspeedvideos.ThesetestsshowedthattheaccuracyoftheABSwasnotsignificantlyaffectedbyviscoelasticityforbubblessmallerthan200microns.TheABSdetectionandmeasurementofnon-homogenousbubbledistributionswasdemonstratedusingabubblyflowthroughasimulatedveinsurroundedbytissue.Thescatterofacousticsignalsduetobonesintheacousticpathwaywasalsoinvestigated.Thesein-vitroexperimentsweredoneusingmeat(beef)asatissuesimulant.Decompressionexperimentsweredoneusingbeefmeatwhichwasheldunderwaterathighpressure(9.9atm)thenrapidlydecompressed.Bubblesizedistributionsandvoidfractioncalculationsintheseexperimentswerethenvalidatedusingimageanalysisofhighspeedvideo.Inaddition,preliminaryexperimentswereperformedwiththeUSNavyMedicalResearchCenter,demonstratingtheutilityofthemodifiedABSsystemindetectingtheevolutionofbubblesinswineundergoingdecompressionsickness(DCS).TheseresultsindicatethattheABSmaybeusedtodetectandquantifytheevolutionofbubblesin-vivoandaidinthemonitoringofDCS.

简介：Anopen-endedcoaxiallinereflectionmethodespeciallysuitableformeas-uringthedielectricpropertiesofbiologicaltissueinvivoisdescribed.Thismethodofferstheadvantageofnotrequiringanyspecialpreparationofthesamplestobemeasuredbutaclosecontactwiththeopenendofacoaxialline.Itis,therefore,veryconvenienttoacquirealargenumberofmeasurementdatainbroadbandrapidly.Themethodmayalsobeusedtomeasurethepropertiesofothersubstances.ThemeasuringsystemconsistsofanetworkanalyzercontrolledbyamicrocomputerandcalibratedbyusingANAproceduretoelimi-hatetheinflunceoferrornetworkintroducedbytheadapter,someconnectors,etc.Inor-dertoreachhigheraccuracy,theiterativemethodisusedtodeterminetheparametersoftheequivalentcircuit.Measurementsofpermeativitiesofsomelivingtissueshavebeenper-formedinthefrequencybandof0.5-2GHz.Comparedwiththeresultsknowninsomepapers,thevalidityofthismethodhasbeenconfirmed.Thedifferenceindielectricproper-tiesbetweenlivinganddeadtissues,andthetissuepermeativites(ε)versusfrequencyanddurationofmeasurementafterdeathhavealsobeenmeasured.

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简介：Thispaperdiscussesproblemsinbio-pulping,putsforwardtheresolutiontotheseproblems,andpointsouttheadvantagesofbio-pulpingandfuturedevelopmentpotential.

简介：Intheindustrializedcountriesthemaingoalatthenationalhealthcarepolicymakinglevelistocontaincostswithoutcompromizingthetwogoalsofhealthcare:accessandquality.Atthesametimemedicineisevolvingthroughinevntions,inno-vationsandimprovements.Technologieswhichcanbeusedtoprolonglifebutwhicharenotcurativehavealsoimprovedandbecomewidelyused.Withtheageingpopu-lationsoftheindustrializedcountriescontainingcostsisgettingextremelydifficult.