简介：ByusingthesimulationresultsofanAGCM,whichhadbeenrunfrom1945to1993forcedbyCOADSSST,theinterdecadalvariabilityofthemodelatmospherewasinvestigatedandcomparedwiththatofNCEPreanalysisdata.Itwasfoundthat,interdecadalvariabilityexistssignificantlyinboththetropicalPacificwindfieldsandthemid-highlatitudeatmosphericcirculationofthemodelatmosphere.Thetendencyoftimevariationandspatialdistributionsoftheinterdecadalvariabilityofthemodelatmospherearebasicallyconsistentwithobservation.Relativetothemid-highlatitudeatmosphericcirculation,thesimulationoftropicalPacificwindismoresatisfying,whichsuggeststhatanomalousvariationofSSTisstillthemainfactorfortheinterdecadalvariabilityoftropicalPacificwind.Itmighthavemoresignificantinfluenceonthetropicalwindthanonthemid-highlatitudeatmosphere.However,thereisstillobviousdifferencebetweenthesimulationandobservation.Theycouldbeattributedtoboththesimulationcapabilityofthemodelandabsenceofotherfactorsinthemodelwhichareimportantfortheinterdecadalclimatevariation.

简介：Monthlymeansurfaceairtemperaturesandprecipitationat20meteorologicalstationsintheJinshaRiverValley(JRV)ofsouthwestChinawereanalyzedfortemporal-spatialvariationpatternsduringtheperiod1961-2010.ThemagnitudeofatrendwasestimatedusingSen’sNonparametricEstimatorofSlopeapproach.ThestatisticalsignificanceofatrendwasassessedbytheMKtest.Theresultsshowedthatmeanannualairtemperaturehasbeenincreasingby0.08℃/decadeduringthepast50yearsasawhole.Theclimatechangetrendinairtemperaturewasmoresignificantinthewinter(0.13℃/decade)thaninthesummer(0.03℃/decade).Annualprecipitationtendedtoincreaseslightlythereafterandtheincreasingwasmainlyduringthecrop-growingseason.Boththegreatestvariationoftheannualmeantemperatureandannualprecipitationwereobservedatthedry-hotvalleyareaofmiddlereaches.Significantwarmingrateswerefoundintheupperreacheswhereasthedry-hotbasinsofmiddlereachesexperiencedacoolingtrendduringthepastdecades.Despiteoftheoverallincreasinginprecipitation,moreobviousupward-trendswerefoundinthedry-hotbasinsofmiddlereacheswhereastheupperreacheshadadroughttrendduringthepastdecades.

简介：Theatmosphericintraseasonaloscillation(ISO)anditsinterannualvariabilityaresimulatedbytheatmosphericgeneralcirculationmodel,whichwasdevelopedattheInstituteofAtmosphericPhysics.Twonumericalexperimentswereperformed,correspondingtotheAMIP-IandAMIP-IIsimulations,respectively.Themodelreasonablyreproducesthemajoraspectsoftheintraseasonaloscillation,includingthepropagatingpropertyandtheseasonaldifferencesinthetropics,thewavenumberstructureofISOintheglobe,andtheglobalcoincidenceintheinterannualvariationofISO.Comparisonoftheresultsbetweenthetwoexperimentssuggeststhatimprovementoftheboundaryforcingorconsideringtheair-seainteractionmayhelptoimprovethesimulationontheISOanditsinterannualvariability.

简介：BasedonAVISO(archiving,validationandinterpretationofsatellitedatainoceanography)datafrom1993to2010,QuikSCAT(QuickScatterometer)datafrom2000to2008,andArgodatafrom2003to2008,theinterannualvariabilityoftheGreatWhirl(GW)andrelatedmechanismsarestudied.ItshowsthattheoriginandterminationtimesoftheGW,aswellasitslocationandintensity,havesignificantinterannualvariability.TheGWappearedearliest(latest)in2004(2008)andvanishedearliest(latest)in2006(2001),withtheshortest(longest)durationin2008(2001).Itscenterwasmostsouthward(northward)in2007(1995),whiletheminimum(maximum)amplitudeandareaoccurredin2003and2002(1997and2007),respectively.TheGWwasweakeranddisappearedearlierwithitslocationtendingtobeinthesouthwestin2003,whilein2005itwasstronger,vanishedlaterandtendedtobeinnortheast.TheabnormalyearswereoftennotthesameamongdifferentcharactersoftheGW,andwerenotallcoincidentwithENSO(ElNi?o-SouthernOscillation)orIOD(IndianOceanDipole)events,indicatingtheverycomplexnatureofGWvariations.MechanisminvestigationsshowsthattheinterannualvariabilityofintraseasonalwindstresscurlinGWregionresultsinthatoftheGW.ThegenerationoftheGWiscoincidentwiththearrivalofRossbywavesattheSomalicoastinspring;theintensityoftheGWisalsoinfluencedbyRossbywaves.TheterminationoftheGWcorrespondswelltothesecondoneofthetoptwopeaksinthebaroclinicenergyconversionrateinGWregion,andtheintensityandthepositionoftheGWarealsocloselyrelatedtothetoptwobaroclinicenergyconversionrates.

简介：Basedonthedataobtainedduringthe15thAntarcticExpeditionofChinabetweenNovember1998andFebruary1999,thepaperdiscussesthewatermassesdistributedonbothsidesoftheContinentalWaterBoundary(CWB)aswellasthespacialvariabilityofthephysicalcharacteristicsofthecentrallocation,thefrontalwidth,thefrontalstrength,theverticaldepth,andtheverticalthicknessforCWB,Theaboveresultsarecomparedwiththeresultsfromthedataobtainedduringthe9thAntarcticExpeditionofChinabetweenDecember1992andFebruary1993,andthetemporalvariabiltiyofthosecharacteristicsisdiscussed.Inaddition,theinhomogeneityofthekinematiccharacteristicsandthepattermsofthedynamicheightsforthosewatermasseslocatedonbothsidesofCWBareillustrated.Asitispointedoutinthepaper,thetroughinthedynamicheightfieldisidentifiedwiththefrontallocationofCWBandtheoceaniccurrentshear.Furthermore,thedynamicreasonfortheupwellingofthecircumpolardeepwatercanbeunderstoodbytheexplanationdescribedinthepaper.

简介：

简介：ConsumptionofriceisthemainsourceofmicronutrientstohumaninAsia.Apaddyfieldwithunknownanthro-pogeniccontaminationinDeqingCounty,ZhejiangProvince,Chinawasselectedtocharacterizethespatialvariabilityanddistributionofmicronutrientsinricegrainandsoil.Atotalof96pairedsoilandricegrainsampleswerecollectedatharvest.Themicronutrientsinthesoilsampleswereextractedbydiethylenetriaminepentaaceticacid(DTPA).Themeanmicronutrientconcentrationsinricegrainwere3.85μgCug-1,11.6μgFeg-1,39.7μgMng-1,and26.0μgZng-1.Themeanconcentrationswere2.54μgg-1forDTPA-Cu,133.5μgg-1forDTPA-Fe,30.6μgg-1forDTPA-Mn,and0.84μgg-1forDTPA-Zn.Semivariogramsshowedthatmeasuredmicronutrientsinricegrainweremoderatelydependent,witharangedistanceofabout110m.TheconcentrationsoftheDTPA-extractablemicronutrientsalldisplayedstrongspatialdependency,witharangedistanceofabout60m.TherewassomeresemblanceofspatialstructurebetweensoilpHandthegrainCu,Fe,Mn,andZn.Byanalogy,similarspatialvariationwasobservedbetweensoilorganicmatter(SOM)andDTPA-extractablemicronutrientsinthesoil.Krigingestimatedmapsoftheattributesshowedthespatialdistributionsofthevariablesinthefield,whichisbeneficialforbetterunderstandingthespatialvariationofmicronutrientsandforpotentiallyrefiningagriculturalmanagementpracticesatafieldscale.

简介：为了应付要求，灵活地并且很快变化，存在基于部件的范例正在被发展进一个面向服务的计算范例。面向服务的计算范例的主要特征是面向服务的应用程序作为反映企业担心的泛泛地联合的服务被开发。这个范例也支持企业活泼，便于对企业变化的快反应。因此，提高并且支持面向服务的计算范例的好处，我们必须考虑怎么在面向服务的应用程序的开发期间改进灵活性和可重用性。我们建议为途径建模指定并且控制面向服务的应用程序的普通、区分的特征的可变性。也就是说，生产线技术的关键概念能被用来使面向服务的应用程序更灵活、可重用。这份报纸描述在二个层次当模特儿的可变性；作文水平和说明水平。在作文水平，我们描述作文的可变性和完成企业进程的域服务的流动。在说明水平，我们在场是有可变性的一种抽象服务的一种领域服务。我们为途径建模的系统的可变性的使用能极大地增加面向服务的应用程序的灵活性，适用性，和可重用性。

简介：理解在地志的索引和庄稼收益可变性之间的关系在卷风景为土壤管理和庄稼生产是重要的。在Alvena和赫本，的二块农业地萨克其万，加拿大被选择检验索引怎么地志与小麦产量在下面有关二地志并且在加拿大人的天气条件大草原。二个地点的风景作为圆丘般被分类，主导的土壤类型是AridicUstoll。在产量，地形学，土壤，和天气之中的关系用小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)被分析从在2001的Alvena(干燥的年)的谷物产量并且2004(湿年)并且从在1998的赫本(干燥的年)。Topographic/soil索引包括了相对举起，湿索引在斜坡长度上面，弯曲，土壤有机物，和在播种前的土壤潮湿存储。结果显示了那，在干燥的年里，关联系数在之间在斜坡上面，长度和谷物产量在1998为浅轻轻的滚动风景(赫本)在2001和0.73为典型滚动风景(Alvena)是0.79。在湿年(2004)里，在产量和topographic/soil属性之间的关系不象在干燥的年里一样强壮。因此，在斜坡上面，长度是为干燥的年里的二处风景的最好的收益指示物，而没有地志的索引高度被相关在湿年里收割产量。那些地志的索引在识别收益可变性并且描出似乎有用合适的管理地区。

简介：Climatevariabilitymodes,usuallyknownasprimaryclimatephenomena,arewellrecognizedasthemostimportantpredictabilitysourcesinsubseasonal–interannualclimateprediction.Thispaperbeginsbyreviewingtheresearchanddevelopmentcarriedout,andtherecentprogressmade,attheBeijingClimateCenter(BCC)inpredictingsomeprimaryclimatevariabilitymodes.TheseincludetheElNi?o–SouthernOscillation(ENSO),Madden–JulianOscillation(MJO),andArcticOscillation(AO),onglobalscales,aswellastheseasurfacetemperature(SST)modesintheIndianOceanandNorthAtlantic,westernPacificsubtropicalhigh(WPSH),andtheEastAsianwinterandsummermonsoons(EAWMandEASM,respectively),onregionalscales.Basedonitslatestclimateandstatisticalmodels,theBCChasestablishedaclimatephenomenonpredictionsystem(CPPS)andcompletedahindcastexperimentfortheperiod1991–2014.TheperformanceoftheCPPSinpredictingsuchclimatevariabilitymodesissystematicallyevaluated.TheresultsshowthatskillfulpredictionshavebeenmadeforENSO,MJO,theIndianOceanbasinmode,theWPSH,andpartlyfortheEASM,whereaslessskillfulpredictionsweremadefortheIndianOceanDipole(IOD)andNorthAtlanticSSTTripole,andnoclearskillatallfortheAO,subtropicalIOD,andEAWM.ImprovementsinthepredictionoftheseclimatevariabilitymodeswithlowskillneedtobeachievedbyimprovingtheBCC'sclimatemodels,developingphysicallybasedstatisticalmodelsaswellascorrectionmethodsformodelpredictions.Someofthemonitoring/predictionproductsoftheBCC-CPPSarealsointroducedinthispaper.

简介：Aswitchingvariabilityindex(SVI)constantfalsealarmrate(CFAR)detectorisproposedforimprovingthedetectionperformanceofVI-CFARdetectorsinmultipletargetsbackgrounds.Whenthepresenceofnon-homogeneityinCFARreferencewindowsisindicatedbyaVI-CFARdetector,aswitchingCFARdetectorisintroducedtooptimizetheperformanceoftheVI-CFARdetectorinhomogeneous,multipletargetsandclutteredgebackgrounds.ThestructureandparametersselectionmethodoftheSVI-CFARdetectorispresented.ComparisonswithclassicCFARdetectorsandrecentlyproposeddetectorsarealsogiven.TheoreticalanalysisandsimulationresultsshowthatSVICFARdetectormaintainsthegoodperformanceoftheVI-CFARdetectorinhomogeneousandclutteredgebackgrounds,whilegreatlyimprovingthecapacityofanti-multitargets.

简介：

简介：俞永强，郭裕福ＴｈｅＩｎｔｅｒａｎｎｕａｌＶａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＣｌｉｍａｔｅｉｎａＣｏｕｐｌｅｄＯｃｅａｎ－ＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅＭｏｄｅｌ￥ｒｕＹｏｎｇｑｉａｎｓａｎｄＧｕｏＹｕｆｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ，...

简介：温室气体甲烷的空间与时间的可变性(在在亚马逊上的空气的CH4)从卫星转菠的大小用数据被学习大气红外线在为时期2003-12的NASA水卫星上更健全。结果在亚马逊盆低地区域上显示出这气体的显著可变性，在沼泽地区域发生的地方。CH4有明确的季节的行为，随它在旱季期间的集中的进步增加，在湿季节期间由减少列在后面。有关这可变性，现在的学习在modulating显示ENSO的重要角色在北亚马逊上的CH4排出物的可变性，这个协会在哪儿似乎主要响应ENSO相关的降水在充满的区域被连接到变化，变化。在这个区域，CH4减少(增加)由于ElNi?o相关(LaNi?一相关)干(湿)。在另一方面，在东南的亚马逊上烧在期间的生物资源的增加(减少)很干燥(湿)年在这个区域在CH4排出物解释增加(减少)。现在的分析识别亚马逊的二个主要区域，它的北、东南的部门，与CH4的显著interannual变化。这结果可能为未来在CH4,的集中监视变化是有用的秒大多数重要温室气体，在这个区域。

简介：

简介：这研究瞄准在地区性的气候可变性和极端上探索陆地使用植被变化(LUC)的潜在的影响。从气象学研究中心(BMRC)气候的一双澳大利亚的局的结果当模特儿54年(19492002)集成被分析了。在模型实验，二植被数据集被使用，与代表在中国并且另外的接近的当前的植被范围的它没有人的干预的潜在的范围。模型结果在气候可变性和极端上显示出LUC的潜在的影响。有表面的统计上重要的变化内部年度气候可变性由模型模仿了。用不同植被数据集，在在在东亚上的热带和平的Niño3.4SST和降水和表面温度之间的关联系数的重要变化被识别，它显示在植被范围的变化可以在地区性的气候可变性上改变ENSO影响。当森林被移开，更少的降雨被收到时，因为慢慢地变化的缺乏，表面处理跟随LUC，模型模仿的ENSO信号变得更强壮。结果而且证明陆地使用能在这个区域调制十的变化的特征。当使用当前的植被范围时，模型用潜在的植被范围比盒子在这个区域给观察气候变化的更好的模拟。另外，结果建议陆地使用能是在中央西方的中国贡献延长干旱的一个潜在的因素。在本地气候极端变化，包括降水和表面温度最大值和最小，也被识别。总的来说，这研究在未来陆地使用研究说明了如此的重要问题的进一步的调查的重要性。

简介：非洲或亚洲的居民夏天季风是一个地带地行星规模的系统，与盖住在过去的世纪(1901-2014)并且在最后三十年(1979-2014)期间的interdecadaltimescales上的非洲，南亚和东亚的大规模rainbelt。降水的一个最近的突然的变化发生在1990年代末。从那以后，Afro亚洲季风系统的全部rainbelt以一个协调方法向北进展了。在Huanghe-Huaihe河山谷和Sahel上的降水的一致增加与teleconnection模式由大西洋Multidecadal摆动(AMO)的温暖的阶段激动被联系。与轮流出现的气旋/反气旋，一列teleconnection波浪火车在上面的对流层被检测。沿着teleconnection路径，在诺思非洲的发行量异例的配置被与低级热低压力(集中)上层的反气旋(分叉)联合描绘，便于登上在Sahel的运动的开始和发展。在东亚，同样，acoupled发行量模式也在Huanghe-Huaihe河山谷使上升运动激动。在Sahel和Huanghe-Huaihe河山谷上的降水的同步增加能被归因于同现，上升的同相的变化打手势。在另一方面，AMO的温暖的阶段导致在诺思非洲和东亚的北部分的在上面的对流层的重要温暖。如此的温暖贡献增强热带在东方通过在入口区域(东亚)和出口区域(非洲)两个都增加南方的压力坡度的喷气。因此，在Sahel和Huanghe-Huaihe河山谷上的降水加强，由于ageostrophic第二等的房间。这研究的结果在非洲或亚洲的居民夏天季风为一个一致、整体的interdecadal变化提供证据。

简介：从2002～2004的广东每日的力量负担和它到气象学的变量的连接的可变性特征与小浪分析和关联分析被分析。预言方程用优化子集回归被建立。一个线性增加趋势是很重要、季节的变化的结果表演是明显的。力量负担展出重要伪周刊(5-7天)摆动，quasi-by-weekly(10-20天)摆动和intraseasonal(30-60天)摆动。这些摆动被大气的低频率摆动和公共假期引起。广东每日的力量负担的变化显然在在星期天的减少，特别地象在中国新年期间的一个漏斗一样塑造。最小在第一和第二天被发现，力量负担逐渐地在劳动白天和国庆节的长假期期间在第三天以后增加到正常水平。广东力量负担对温度最敏感，它是主要影响因素，作为在在中国的另外的区域。力量负担也在不同季节期间与另外的气象学的元素有关系到某程度。在夏天的力量负担的最大值，最小在劳动白天和国庆节期间在中国新年和变化期间好使用优化子集回归和财务为工作日和假期的效果建立的方程适合并且预言。

简介：AbstractVaccines are one of the biggest successes in modern history and are particularly important in light of the multiple ongoing epidemics. Recently, vaccines have protected peoples’ health and lives around the world during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Different types of vaccines have their own characteristics and advantages and are used in the context of different epidemics. Responses to vaccination are also different, and can include adverse reactions and absent responses. These individual differences are thought to be influenced by host genes. In this review, we first discuss vaccine types and characteristics. Second, we discuss different responses to vaccination, primarily focusing on the association between genetic variation and inter-individual differences.

简介：最近，新大气的总环流大气环流当模特儿(GAMIL：国际机场LASG的格子点大气的模型)在大气的物理(国际机场)的研究所被开发了，中国科学院(CAS)，它基于社区大气的模型版本2(CAM2)大气的研究(NCAR)的国家中心。自从二，模型有一样的物理过程但是不同动态核心，内部二个模型的年度可变性模拟表演被比较。整体途径被用来减少模型内部可变性。一般来说，二个模型的模拟表演是类似的。两个模型在模仿全部的时空可变性和南部的摆动索引有好性能。GAMIL比GAMIL的内部可变性有的CAM2，和模型在东方亚洲冬季发行量模拟更好表现对比CAM2的外部强迫的更好的回答。这些显示动态核心的改进是很重要的。比在低纬度在中间和高纬度有更少的可预测性，这也被验证。