简介：甲型HIN1流感病毒临床表现与季节性流感一样。主要表现为：发热、咳嗽、咽痛。严重者可导致肺炎或死亡。

简介：ObjectiveTostudytheauditionandinnerearstructureinanormalswinemodel.MethodsAuditorybrainstemresponses(ABRs)weredeterminedinswineat1dayand1monthafterbirth.Theformofthecochleaandhaircellswereexaminedunderascanningelectronmicroscopeandoncochlearslices.ResultsABRthresholdsat1dayand1monthpost-birthwerebetween40and50dBSPL.ThelatenciesofwavesI,IIIandVin1dayoldswinewere1.97±0.13,3.01±0.16and4.26±0.20ms,respectively.At1month,thelantanciesofwavesI,IIIandVwere2.01±0.05,3.11±0.08and4.65±0.14ms,respectively,slightlylongerthanthoseat1day,althoughnotstatisticallysignificant(p>0.05).Theswinecochleawasconstitutedof3andahalfturnsandthecochlearhaircellslinedupinfourrows.Haircellciliaintheapicalturnwerelongerthanthoseinotherturns.ConclusionsTheswinecochleaismatureatthetimeofbirth.SwineABRthresholdsareslightlyhigherthanhumansandrats.Swineappearstobeaprecocialanimalspecies.

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简介：AbstractFoot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) all cause important animal diseases. FMDV affects many different cloven-hoofed animals, whereas SVDV and CSFV are restricted to domestic and feral pigs together with wild boar. Europe is normally free of these diseases, but occasionally outbreaks happen, which can cause huge economic losses. Handling of these viruses, in particular FMDV and CSFV, is only allowed within high containment laboratories and stables. Periodically such facilities need to be decommissioned for repair or closing down, which is done by cleaning and chemical disinfection, followed by fumigation due to residual risk from virus on surfaces in inaccessible places. However, building materials in older laboratories or stables that have housed infected animals may not be well-suited for fumigation. Heat treatment is another way of inactivating viruses. In this study, we have determined the survival of infectivity in air-dried virus samples on glass and plastic surfaces incubated at room temperature or heated to 70 °C for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days. Each of the tested viruses was inactivated to below the limit of detection after 24 h or 48 h of incubation at 70 °C; in contrast, some of these viruses were still infectious after 7 days of incubation at room temperature. This study provides important information that can be used in relation to decontamination of buildings and in risk-assessments.

简介：AbstractSwine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a recently discovered coronavirus that causes severe and acute diarrhea and rapid weight loss in piglets. SADS-CoV was reported to be capable of infecting cell lines derived from diverse species, including bats, mice, hamsters, rats, chickens, pigs, nonhuman primates, and humans, implying its high risk of cross-species infection. However, its receptor is still unknown. In this study, the receptor-binding domain of the SADS-CoV spike (S) protein was purified and then subjected to affinity purification (AP)-coupled mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis to identify the interactors of the SADS-CoV S protein. Forty-three host proteins were identified, and a Gene Ontology analysis indicated that these interactors can be grouped into categories such as "cell-cell adhesion" , "translation" "viral transcription" , suggesting that these processes may participate in the SADS-CoV life cycles. RNA interference-based screening of these interactors indicated that PPIB and vimentin can affect SADS-CoV replication. Our study provides an overarching view into the host interactome of the SADS-CoV S protein and highlights potential targets for the development of therapeutics against SADS-CoV.

简介：AsapartofabasicresearchprojectonXeno-transplantion,wehavebeenengagedinthederivationofembryonicstemcelllinesfromChineseminiswine.Here,wereportedforthefirsttimetheestablishmentoftwoporcineEGcelllines(BPEG1andBPEG2)fromprimordialgermcellsofgenitalridgesofa28anda27dembryosrespectively.Theirpluripotentnaturehasbeenidentifiedbycolonymorphology,markercharacterizationaswellasbyinvitroandinvivodifferentiation.TheseporcineEGcellsarepotentiallyusefulforfurtherbasicstudies.

简介：AbstractAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, a highly fatal hemorrhagic disease of pigs, which has resulted in great economic losses to the global pork industry, especially in Asia. ASFV particles are comprised of multiple layers encompassing the genomic DNA. Though the capsid structure has been determined, very little is known about the structure of the core shell. The precursor polyprotein pp62 is the structural component of the core shell that gives rise to the p35 and p15 proteins. Herein, we describe the crystal structure of p15 at a resolution of 2.2 Å. The structure of p15 exhibits as a trimeric conformation that is mainly mediated by intermolecular disulfide bonds and supported by multiple hydrogen bond interactions. The button conformation on the surface of adjacent molecules may also play a role in trimeric formation of the ASFV p15. The center of the p15 trimer exhibits opposite electrostatic characteristics on each side. These findings benefit our understanding of ASFV core shell assembly and will aid in the design of antiviral drugs and vaccines.

简介：AbstractAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly infectious, transboundary viral disease of domestic and wild pigs, and is currently the most serious threat to world swine production, resulting in significant economic loss. In the absence of vaccines and treatments, the control of the disease entirely depends on accurate and early diagnosis accompanied by the culling of infected pigs. Thus, a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic assay is required during an outbreak and surveillance of the disease. In this study, a highly sensitive, specific, rapid and repeatable P22-monoclonal antibody-based blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) assay was developed for the detection of antibodies against genotype I and II African swine fever viruses(ASFVs). A total of 806 pig serum samples were tested to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic assay. To determine the PI (percent Inhibition) cut-off value, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied. According to the ROC analysis of the data, 98.10% specificity and 100% sensitivity were recorded when the threshold cut-off value of PI was established at 47%. In addition, the assay was able to detect ASFV antibodies as early as 9 days post-infection when serum samples from experimentally infected pigs were used. Taking all together, the results of the present study indicated that the P22-mAb based bELISA assay can be used for rapid and accurate detection of antibodies against ASFV, which could play a valuable role in the containment and prevention of ASFV as an alternative to other serological diagnostic methods. Also, this study will assist researchers to further investigate the immunogenic importance of P22 protein in ASFV infection.

简介：AbstractBackground:Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to animal and public health. Here, we conducted a dynamic surveillance of Escherichia coli on Chongming Island in Shanghai during 2009-2021 to identify the characteristics and trends of Chongming’s AMR pandemic.Methods:Rectal (cloaca) swabs from four poultry and nine swine farms (Chongming Island, 2009-2021) were collected for E. coli strains acquisition. The micro-broth dilution method was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates against 10 antimicrobial classes including 15 antimicrobials. Utilizing generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and co-occurrence analyses, we further explored the multiple-drug-resistance (MDR) combinations and dynamic patterns of E. coli over 10 years in two food animals.Results:Total of 863 MDR isolates were found among 945 collected E. coli isolates, 337 from poultry and 608 from swine. Both isolates exhibited high resistant rates (> 70%) to tetracyclines, phenicols, sulfonamides, penicillins, and aminoglycosides (only in swine). The resistant rates of swine isolates to penicillins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, phenicols, and polymyxins were significantly higher than those of poultry isolates, whereas resistance to fluoroquinolones was reversed. Resistance to polymyxins decreased similarly in swine (42.4% in 2009 to 0.0% in 2021) and poultry isolates (from 16.5% to 0.0%). However, resistance to other seven antimicrobial classes (excluding carbapenems and penicillins) declined dramatically in swine isolates, particularly fluoroquinolones (from 80.5% to 14.4%), and tendencies of resistance to the seven classes showed markedly divergent patterns in poultry isolates. Using Poisson GLMMs, the AMR carriage since 2016 was significantly lower than that of 2009 (odds ratio < 1), indicating a decline in the risk of MDR emergence. Furthermore, despite the highly diverse MDR profiles, co-occurrence analysis identified two prominent MDR clusters of penicillins-phenicols-fluoroquinolones in poultry and aminoglycosides-tetracyclines-sulfonamides-phenicols in swine.Conclusions:Our study uncovered vastly distinct AMR patterns and dynamic tendencies of poultry and swine E. coli isolates from Chongming. Meanwhile, Chongming’s AMR status has ameliorated, as indicated by the decline in antimicrobials prevalence (particularly in swine), lower likelihood of MDR emergence and low carbapenem-, cephalosporin-, and polymyxin resistance. Importantly, this surveillance results are the vital basis for future policy development in Chongming and Shanghai.

简介：AbstractBackground:The catheter-tissue contact force (CF) is one of the significant determinants of lesion size and thus has a considerable impact on the effectiveness of ablation procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of CF on the lesion size during right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) ablation in a swine model.Methods:Twelve Guangxi Bama miniature male pigs weighing 40 to 50 kg were studied. After general anesthesia, a ThermoCool SmartTouch contact-sensing ablation catheter was introduced to the RVOT via the femoral vein under the guidance of the CARTO 3 system. The local ventricular voltage amplitude and impedance were measured using different CF levels. We randomly divided the animals into the following four groups according to the different CF levels: group A (3-9 g); group B (10-19 g); group C (20-29 g); and group D (30-39 g). Radiofrequency ablations were performed at three points in the free wall and septum of the RVOT in power control mode at 30 W for 30 s while maintaining the saline irrigation rate at 17 mL/min. At the end of the procedures, the maximum depth, surface diameter, and lesion volume were measured and recorded. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between continuous variables.Results:A total of 72 ablation lesions were created in the RVOT of the 12 Bama pigs. The maximum depth, surface diameter, and volume of the lesions measured were well correlated with the CF (free wall: β = 0.105, β = 0.162, β = 3.355, respectively, P < 0.001; septum: β = 0.093, β = 0.150, β = 3.712, respectively, P < 0.001). The regional ventricular bipolar voltage amplitude, unipolar voltage amplitude, and impedance were weakly positively associated with the CF (β = 0.065, β = 0.125, and β = 1.054, respectively, P < 0.001). There was a significant difference in the incidence of steam pops among groups A, B, C, and D (free wall: F = 7.3, P = 0.032; septum: F = 10.5, P = 0.009); and steam pops occurred only when the CF exceeded 20 g. Trans-mural lesions were observed when the CF exceeded 10 g in the free wall, while the lesions in the septum were non-trans-mural even though the CF reached 30 g.Conclusions:CF seems to be a leading predictive factor for the size of formed lesions in RVOT ablation. Maintaining the CF value between 3 and 10 g may be reasonable and effective for creating the necessary lesion size and reducing the risk of complications, such as steam pops and perforations.

简介：AbstractBackground:High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) is a novel, next-generation nanoknife technology with the advantage of relieving irreversible electroporation (IRE)-induced muscle contractions. However, the difference between IRE and H-FIRE with distinct ablation parameters was not clearly defined. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the two treatments in vivo.Methods:Ten Bama miniature swine were divided into two group: five in the 1-day group and five in the 7-day group. The efficacy of IRE and H-FIRE ablation was compared by volume transfer constant (Krans), rate constant (Kep) and extravascular extracellular volume fraction (Ve) value of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), size of the ablation zone, and histologic analysis. Each animal underwent the IRE and H-FIRE. Temperatures of the electrodes were measured during ablation. DCE-MRI images were obtained 1, 4, and 7 days after ablation in the 7-day group. All animals in the two groups were euthanized 1 day or 7 days after ablation, and subsequently, IRE and H-FIRE treated liver tissues were collected for histological examination. Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney U test was applied for comparing any two groups. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and Welch’s ANOVA test followed by Holm-Sidak’s multiple comparisons test, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures followed by Bonferroni test, or Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used for multiple group comparisons and post hoc analyses. Pearson correlation coefficient test was conducted to analyze the relationship between two variables.Results:Higher Ve was seen in IRE zone than in H-FIRE zone (0.14 ± 0.02 vs. 0.08 ± 0.05, t= 2.408, P = 0.043) on day 4, but no significant difference was seen in Ktrans or Kep between IRE and H-FIRE zones at all time points (all P > 0.05). For IRE zone, the greatest Ktrans was seen on day 7, which was significantly higher than that on day 1 (P = 0.033). The ablation zone size of H-FIRE was significantly larger than IRE 1 day (4.74 ± 0.88 cm2vs. 3.20 ± 0.77 cm2, t = 3.241, P = 0.009) and 4 days (2.22 ± 0.83 cm2vs. 1.30 ± 0.50 cm2, t = 2.343, P = 0.041) after treatment. Apoptotic index (0.05 ± 0.02 vs. 0.73 ± 0.06 vs. 0.68 ± 0.07, F = 241.300, P < 0.001) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) (0.03 ± 0.01 vs. 0.46 ± 0.09 vs. and 0.42 ± 0.07, F= 64.490, P < 0.001) were significantly different between the untreated, IRE and H-FIRE zones, but no significant difference was seen in apoptotic index or HSP70 between IRE and H-FIRE zone (both P > 0.05). Electrode temperature variations were not significantly different between the two zones (18.00 ± 3.77°C vs. 16.20 ± 7.45°C, t = 0.682, P = 0.504). The Ktrans value (r = 0.940, P = 0.017) and the Kep value (r = 0.895, P = 0.040) of the H-FIRE zone were positively correlated with the number of hepatocytes in the ablation zone.Conclusions:H-FIRE showed a comparable ablation effect to IRE. DCE-MRI has the potential to monitor the changes of H-FIRE ablation zone.

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