简介：AbstractBackground:Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are a crucial suite of measures to prevent and control infectious disease outbreaks. Despite being particularly important for crisis-affected populations and those living in informal settlements, who typically reside in overcrowded and resource limited settings with inadequate access to healthcare, guidance on NPI implementation rarely takes the specific needs of such populations into account. We therefore conducted a systematic scoping review of the published evidence to describe the landscape of research and identify evidence gaps concerning the acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of NPIs among crisis-affected populations and informal settlements.Methods:We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles published between 1970 and 2020 to collate available evidence on the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of NPIs in crisis-affected populations and informal settlements. We performed quality assessments of each study using a standardised questionnaire. We analysed the data to produce descriptive summaries according to a number of categories: date of publication; geographical region of intervention; typology of crisis, shelter, modes of transmission, NPI, research design; study design; and study quality.Results:Our review included 158 studies published in 85 peer-reviewed articles. Most research used low quality study designs. The acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of NPIs was highly context dependent. In general, simple and cost-effective interventions such as community-level environmental cleaning and provision of water, sanitation and hygiene services, and distribution of items for personal protection such as insecticide-treated nets, were both highly feasible and acceptable. Logistical, financial, and human resource constraints affected both the implementation and sustainability of measures. Community engagement emerged as a strong factor contributing to the effectiveness of NPIs. Conversely, measures that involve potential restriction on personal liberty such as case isolation and patient care and burial restrictions were found to be less acceptable, despite apparent effectiveness.Conclusions:Overall, the evidence base was variable, with substantial knowledge gaps which varied between settings and pathogens. Based on the current landscape, robust evidence-based guidance is not possible, and a research agenda is urgently required that focusses on these specific vulnerable populations. Although implementation of NPIs presents unique practical challenges in these settings, it is critical that such an agenda is put in place, and that the lessons learned from historical and present experiences are documented to build a firm evidence base.

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简介：Establishedin1972,theBeijingDongfengPharmaceuticalFactoryisaState-ownedenterprise.ItislocatedinthesuburbofBeijingonanareaof100,000sq.mandwithastaffof1,500.Thefactoryproduces300kindsofWesternandChineseready-mademedicines.Onekindofinjectionproducedbythefactoryiseffectiveforhepatitis

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简介：Morethan40%ofnewlydiscovereddrugshavelittleornowatersolubilitywhichpresentsaseriouschallengetothesuccessfuldevelopmentandcommercializationofnewdrugsinthepharmaceuticalindustry.Additionally,morethan90%ofdrugsapprovedsince1995havepoorsolubility,poorpermeability,orboth.Therefore,itmaybenecessarytoincreasethedoseofapoorlysolubledrugtoobtaintherequiredefficacywhichcanleadtomoresideeffectsandhighercosttothepatient.Performanceofdrugscanbeimprovedbydecreasingtheparticlesizeand,atthesametime,increasingspecificsurfacearea,dissolutionrateandthebioavailabilityofthedruginthehumanbody.Theroutesofadministrationaredifferentandlistedas60%fororal,5%forpulmonary,5%forocular,5%fortopicaland25%forinjectable,approximately.Theinjectabledrugsarethemostinterestingonesfornanoization,becausesmallerparticleswillincreaseperformance,andwillbeusefulwhenusingmicroneedles.InatypicalmanufacturingprocessofAPIs(activepharmaceuticalingredients)topdownprocesseslikehighpressurehomogenizationandwetbeadmillingareusedasstandardmethodstodecreasetheparticlesizesdowntoafinenessrangeof10to500nanometers.

简介：Thispaperreviewsourworkonthefundamentalprinciplesofhighgravitycontrolledprecipitation(HGCP)technology,anditsapplicationsintheproductionofdrugnanoparticles,whichwascarriedoutinarotatingpackedbed(RPB).Severalkindsofdrugnanoparticleswithnarrowparticlesizedistributions(PSDs)weresuccessfullypreparedviaHGCP,includingthe300-nmCefuroximeAxetil(CFA)particles,200–400-nmcephradineparticles,500-nmsalbutamolsulfate(SS)particles(100nminwidth),and850-nmbeclomethasonedipropionate(BDP)particles,etc.Comparedtodrugsavailableinthecurrentmarket,allthedrugnanoparticlesproducedbyHGCPexhibitedadvantagesinbothformulationanddrugdelivery,thusimprovingthebioavailabilityofdrugs.HGCPisessentiallyaplatformtechnologyforthepreparationofpoorlywater-solubledrugnanoparticlesfororalandinjectiondelivery,andofinhalabledrugsforpulmonarydelivery.Consequently,HGCPofferspotentialapplicationsinthepharmaceuticalindustryduetoitscost-effectiveness,efficientprocessingandtheeaseofscaling-up.

简介：从进移动的静止的鞋的粉末的流动行为死，它模仿在一个旋转的碑出版社充满过程的die，用一个分离元素方法(DEM)被分析，在哪个2D不规则的塑造的粒子被考虑。粒子形状，尺寸和尺寸分发的影响，粒子的数字在模拟使用了，在鞋的粉末床的起始的高度，并且平均集体流动率上的充满的速度和批评充满速度(die能完全在被充满的最高的速度)被探索。最大的流动率为调查的所有系统以批评充满速度被获得，poly分散系统比单音分散系统有更高集体的流动率和更高批评的充满速度，这被发现了。另外，有能镶嵌的粒子的粉末通常有更低的充满率和更低的批评充满速度。

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简介：AbstractThe natural connection between the duodenum and the pancreatic duct enables a minimally invasive access to the pancreas. Endoscopically this access is already regularly used, mainly for diagnostic and even for certain therapeutic purposes. With per-oral pancreatoscopy the endopancreatic approach allows the direct visualization of the pancreatic duct system potentially improving the diagnostic work-up of pancreatic cystic neoplasms, intrapancreatic strictures and removal of pancreatic duct stones. However, the endopancreatic access can equally be applied for surgical interventions. The objective of this review is to summarize endoscopic and surgical interventions using the endopancreatic access. Endopancreatic surgery stands for a further development of the endoscopic technique: a rigid endoscope is transabdominally introduced over the duodenum and the papilla to enable resections of strictures and inflamed tissue from inside the pancreas under visual control. While the orientation and localization of target structures using this minimally invasive approach is difficult, the development of an accurate image guidance system will play a key role for the clinical implementation and widespread use of endoscopic and surgical endopancreatic interventions.

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简介：Abstract:AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome(AIDS)isaninfectiousdiseasecausedbyHIV.Ithasbeenepidemicformorethan20years,butthereisnocureofit.HealtheducationandbehavioralinterventionsaresomeofthemosteffectiveapproachesinthecontrolandpreventionofAIDS.ChinaisoneofthecountrieswiththefastestgrowingHIVseroprevalencerate,andisfacingawidespreadepidemicofAIDS.Currently,high-riskpopulationssuchasindividualswithmultiplesexualpartnersandintravenousdrugusersarethemainfociofhealtheducationandbehavioralinterventionsinChina.Encouragingresultshavebeenobservedinmanyformsofhealtheducationandbehavioralintervention.Theapplicationofhealtheducationandbehavioralinterventionsmustemergefromscientificevidence,followaseriesofstrategies,becarriedoutfromvariousperspectives,andrequiretheparticipationofallsocietalcommunities.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Stroke is a principal cause of mortality and disability globally. Numerous studies have contributed to the knowledge base regarding self-management interventions among chronic disease patients, but there are few such studies for patients with stroke. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze self-management interventions among stroke patients. This scoping review aimed to systematically identify and describe randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of self-management interventions for adults with stroke.Methods:A review team carried out a scoping review on stroke and self-management interventions based on the methodology of Arksey and O'Malley, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL Plus Full Text, Medline Plus Full Text, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception to July 2020.Results:Fifty-four RCTs were included. The most popular study design is comparing a self-management intervention to usual care or waitlist control condition. Physical activity is the most common intervention topic, and interventions were mainly delivered face to face. The majority of interventions were located in inpatient and multiple settings. Interventions were conducted by various providers, with nurses the most common provider group. Symptom management was the most frequently reported outcome domain that improved.Conclusions:Self-management interventions benefit the symptom management of stroke patients a lot. The reasonable time for intervention is at least 6-12 months. Multifarious intervention topics, delivery formats, and providers are adopted mostly to meet the multiple needs of this population. Physical activity was the most popular topic currently. Studies comparing the effect of different types of self-management interventions are required in the future.

简介：PyriculariaoryzaeanamorphofMagnaportheoryzaeisoneofthemostnotoriousfungalpathogenscausingsevereeconomiclossinriceproductionworldwide.Variousmethods,viz.cultural,biologicalandmolecularapproaches,areutilizedtocounteractthispathogen.Moreover,sometolerantorresistantricevarietieshavebeendevelopedwiththehelpofbreedingprogrammes.Isolationandmolecularcharacterizationofdifferentblastresistancegenesnowopenthegatefornewpossibilitiestoelucidatetheactualallelicvariantsofthesegenesviavariousmolecularbreedingandtransgenicapproaches.However,thebehavioralpatternofthisfungusbreakupstheresistancebarriersintheresistantortolerantricevarieties.Thishost-pathogenbarrierwillbepossiblycounteredinfutureresearchbycomparativegenomicsdatafromavailablegenomesequencedataofriceandM.oryzaefordurableresistance.Presentreviewemphasizedfascinatingrecentupdates,newmolecularbreedingapproaches,transgenicandgenomicsapproaches(i.e.miRNAandgenomeediting)forthemanagementofblastdiseaseinrice.Theupdatedinformationwillbehelpfulforthedurable,resistancebreedingprogrammeinriceagainstblastpathogen.

简介：Theinfluenceofmembranefoulingontheretentionofthetraceorganiccontaminantsulfamethoxazolebyananofiltration(NF)processwasinvestigated.Organicfoulingcausedaseverefluxdeclinepossiblyduetoporeblockingandadsorptiondirectlyafterthecommencementofthefoulinglayerdevelopment.Suchmembrane-foulantinteractionswereabsentforcolloidalfouling,whichresultedinamoregradualfluxdecline.Membranechargeplayedasignificantroleintheseparationprocessofinorganicsalts,wheretheretentionwasthehighestinacausticenvironment(highpH)duetomoreswollenmembranematerialcausedbythehighernegativechargeonthemembrane.Organicfoulingandacombinationofcolloidalandorganicfoulingledtoasignificantincreaseinthemembranenegativecharge.Theinfluenceofmembranefoulingonsoluteretentionwasdependentonthefoulingbehaviourandthephysicochemicalpropertiesofthemodelfoulants,wherethemodelfoulantsprobablycontributedtoanincreaseintheretentionofchargedsolutesduetoenhancedelectrostaticinteractions.Organicfoulingcausedanincreaseintheretentionofinorganicsaltsandsulfamethoxazoleduetoporeblocking.Incontrast,colloidalfoulingcausedadecreaseintheretentionofinorganicsaltsduetocake-enhancedconcentrationpolarisation.However,thepresenceofacolloidalfoulinglayerdidnotreducetheretentionofsulfamethoxazole.Amixtureofcolloidalandorganicmatterimprovedtheretentionofinorganicsalts.AsimilarconclusioncanbeinferredforsulfamethoxazoleatpH4whenthecompoundexistsinaneutralform.

简介：AbstractA massive depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes has been described in early and acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, leading to an imbalance between the human microbiome and immune responses. In recent years, a growing interest in the alterations in gut microbiota in HIV infection has led to many studies; however, only few studies have been conducted to explore the importance of oral microbiome in HIV-infected individuals. Evidence has indicated the dysbiosis of oral microbiota in people living with HIV (PLWH). Potential mechanisms might be related to the immunodeficiency in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals, including changes in secretory components such as reduced levels of enzymes and proteins in saliva and altered cellular components involved in the reduction and dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune cells. As a result, disrupted oral immunity in HIV-infected individuals leads to an imbalance between the oral microbiome and local immune responses, which may contribute to the development of HIV-related diseases and HIV-associated non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome comorbidities. Although the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decrease in occurrence of the opportunistic oral infections in HIV-infected individuals, the dysbiosis in oral microbiome persists. Furthermore, several studies with the aim to investigate the ability of probiotics to regulate the dysbiosis of oral microbiota in HIV-infected individuals are ongoing. However, the effects of ART and probiotics on oral microbiome in HIV-infected individuals remain unclear. In this article, we review the composition of the oral microbiome in healthy and HIV-infected individuals and the possible effect of oral microbiome on HIV-associated oral diseases. We also discuss how ART and probiotics influence the oral microbiome in HIV infection. We believe that a deeper understanding of composition and function of the oral microbiome is critical for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for HIV infection.