简介:近年来,随着牙科粘接材料的发展和改进,在龋病治疗过程中已不再强调G.V.Black的龋病备洞要求。目前,龋病微创治疗的重要原则是尽量保存健康的牙齿结构,聚焦于龋病预防,实现再矿化和最小的牙科创伤。
简介:Dysmenorrheareferstoperiodiclowerabdominalpainoccurringduringoraroundmenstruation.Itoftenhappensbeforeorduringperiod,occasionallyafterperiod,andmanifestslowerabdominalpain,crampyordistending,whichmayradiatetolumbosacralregion,innerthighandperianalregion.Co-occurringsymptomsmayincludepalecomplexion,nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,andaversiontocoldinthewholebodyorconcentratedinlowerabdomen.Severepaincancauseprostrationorevenfainting.Menstrualpaincommonlylastsforseveralhoursor1-2d,andrelieveswhenmenstrualbloodflowssmoothly.