简介：ThemethodsofvegetationecologywereusedtoanalyzethecommunitystructureofHefeiRingPark,andspeciescomposition,distributionpatternoftreeheightandDBHweredescribed.Throughcalculationoftreegrowthindexandassociationcorrelationofcomponentspecies,thecommunitystructureswereanalyzed.Theresultsshowedthatcommunitystructuresarecomplex,thereare22pairsofspecieswithpositiveassociation,andtreeindividualinthefollowingcommunitiesgrowwellandaremorestable,themajorarePlatycladusorientalis-Prunuscerasiferafatropurpurea-Osmanthusfragrans,Robiniapseduacacia-Ligustrumlucidum,Robiniapseudoacacia-Ginkgobiloba-Photiniaserrulata,Populuscadadensis-Ligustrumlucidum-Osmanthusfragrans,Sophorajaponica-Ligustrumlucidum-Buxussinica,Cyclobalanopsisglauca-Distyliumracemosum.

简介：Thechangeofpinescale(HemiberlesiapitysophilaTakagi)populationdensityonpineforestinurbanparkbetweentreatment(tendingoperations)andCK(notendingoperations)wasresearchedinthispaper.Theresultswereshownasfollows:populationdensitydeclinedto0.63headperbundlefrom2.61headsperbundlewhencrowndensityofpineinurbanparkhadbecome0.5orsobymeansofcultivationactivitiessuchasfelling,pruningandthinningandsoon,anddropgotto75.86percent.Thepinewoodswouldsoongetrevivedonceusingthesecultivationactivities,sotendingoperationswasmainmeasurescontrollingoverharmofpinescaleinurbanpark;Atthesametime,populationdensityofpinescaleonpinewoodsinthesunnyslopewasmorethanthatinthesomberslopeandithadbecomelessandlessfromsunnyslopetosomberslope.Therefore,treespeciesmustbechosenintheplanninganddesignofurbanparkforpreventingharmandhappeningofpinescale.

简介：描述的这篇论文主要理想的四个基本模型作为Kunlunshan模型，在山Lushan国家公园美化Xumishan模型，基督教徒桃树花陆地模型，模型。在有象东方山谷的东方格罗夫庙，白鹿洞学院，简洁和宁静庙宇，Lushan山谷，和别墅簇一样的理想的风景特征的山Lushan的五个典型地方被分析，并且为每个地方的基本模型的集成被讨论让现实主义的风景遵循理想的需要。而且，讨论也包含了在资源，文化，结构，函数，进程，规模和区域被展示的理想的风景的特征。在结论，在山Lushan国家公园的理想的风景是在人和自然之间的相互作用的产品。山Lushan与超过1000年的历史继承中国传统的文化的本质；并且它也在不同文化之中和冲突和改编象在自然和人文学科之间的交换一样吸收西方的文化的吗哪。自然风景能被生态的计划的方法对幸存需求和人类的文化味觉满意。

简介：Abstract:FortyspeciesofBasidiomycotafrom21generain15families,collectedfromLiuxiheNationalForestPark,Guangzhou,China,havevaluesforusebylocalpeople.Morethanhalfofthespeciescollectedareedible,andsome(Lactariusdeliciosus,Boletusspp.)aregatheredforcommercialconsumptioninSouthChina.Tenspecieshavemedicinalproperties,andincludeDictyophora,Ganoderma,PisolithusandScleroderma.Over60%species(26taxa)areectomycorrhizalinvolving12ediblefungi.ThemostabundantfamiliesweretheAmanitaceae,BoletaceaeandSclerodermataceae,whichformimportantectomycorrhizalassociationswithconiferousandmixedbroad-leafedtreesinthePark.Prospectiveusesofthesemacrofungiarediscussed.

简介：Background:Estimationoftreediversityatbroaderscaleisimportantforconservationplanning.Treediversityshouldbemeasuredandunderstoodintermsofdiversityandevenness,twointegralcomponentstodescribethestructureofabiologicalcommunity.Variationofthetreediversityandevennesswithelevation,topographicrelief,aspect,terrainshape,slope,soilnutrient,solarradiationetc.arewelldocumented.Methods:Presentstudyexploresthevariationoftreediversity(measuredasShannondiversityandevennessindices)ofMajellaNationalPark,Italywithfiveavailableforesttypesnamelyevergreenoakwoods,deciduousoakwoods,black/aleppopinestands,hop-hornbeamforestandbeechforest,usingsatellite,environmentalandfielddata.Results:Hop-hornbeamforestwasfoundtobemostdiverseandevenwhileevergreenOakwoodswasthelowestdiverseandeven.Diversityandevennessofforesttypeswereconcurrenttoeachotheri.e.foresttypewhichwasmorediversewasalsomoreeven.Asabroadpattern,majorityportionofthestudyareabelongedtomediumdiversityandhighevennessclass.Conclusions:SateliteimagesandotherGISdataprovedusefultoolsinmonitoringvariationoftreediversityandevennessacrossvariousforesttypes.PresentstudyfindingsmayhaveimplicationsinprioritizingconservationzonesofhightreediversityatMajela.

简介：WemappedtheforestcoverofKhadimnagarNationalPark(KNP)ofSylhetForestDivisionandestimatedforestchangeoveraperiodof22years(1988-2010)usingLandsatTMimagesandotherGISdata.SupervisedclassificationandNormalizedDifferenceVegetationIndex(NDVI)imageclassificationapproacheswereappliedtotheimagestoproducethreecoverclasses,viz.denseforest,mediumdenseforest,andbareland.Thechangemapwasproducedbydifferencingclassifiedimageriesof1988and2010asbeforeimageandafterimage,respectively,inERDASIMAGINE.Errormatrixandkappastatisticswereusedtoassesstheaccuracyoftheproducedmaps.Overallmapaccuraciesresultingfromsupervisedclassificationof1988and2010imagerieswere84.6%(Kappa0.75)and87.5%(Kappa0.80),respectively.Forestcoverstatisticsresultingfromsupervisedclassificationshowedthatdenseforestandbarelanddeclinedfrom526ha(67%)to417ha(59%)and105ha(13%)to8ha(1%),respectively,whereasmediumdenseforestincreasedfrom155ha(20%)to317ha(40%).ForestcoverchangestatisticsderivedfromNDVIclassificationshowedthatdenseforestdeclinedfrom525ha(67%)to421ha(54%)whilemediumdenseforestincreasedfrom253ha(32%)to356ha(45%).BothsupervisedandNDVIclassificationapproachesshowedsimilartrendsofforestchange,i.e.decreaseofdenseforestandincreaseofmediumdenseforest,whichindicatesdenseforesthasbeenconvertedtomediumdenseforest.Areaofbarelandwasunchanged.Illicitfelling,encroachment,andsettlementnearforestscausedthedenseforestdeclinewhileshortandlongrotationplantationsraisedinvariousyearscausedtheincreaseinareaofmediumdenseforest.ProtectivemeasuresshouldbeundertakentocheckfurtherdegradationofforestatKNP.

简介：Background:Aftertheirdeath,Scotspinetreescanremainstandingfordecadesandsometimesupto200years,forminglong-lastingandecologicallyimportantstructuresinborealforestlandscapes.Standingdeadpinesdecayveryslowlyandwithtimedevelopinto‘kelo'trees,whicharecharacterizedbyhardwoodwithsilvery-coloredappearance.Thesekelotreesrepresentanecologicallyimportant,longlastingandvisuallystrikingelementofthestructureofnaturalpine-dominatedforestsinborealFennoscandiathatisnowadaysvirtuallyabsentfrommanagedforestlandscapes.Methods:Weexaminedandmappedtheamount,structuralfeatures,sitecharacteristicsandspatialdistributionofdeadstandingpinetreesoveratenhectareareainanunmanagedborealforestlandscapeintheKalevalaNationalParkinRussianVienaKarelia.Results:Themeanbasalareaofdeadstandingpinetreesintheforestedpartofthelandscapewas1.7m~2?ha~(-1)andtheestimatedvolume12.7m~3?ha~(-1).Fromthetotalnumberofstandingdeadpinetrees65%werekelotrees,withabasalareaof1.1m~2?ha~(-1)andvolumeof8.0m~3?ha~(-1),theremainderconsistingofstandingdeadpinesalongthecontinuumbetweenarecentlydeadtreeandakelotree.Overall,standingdeadpinesweredistributedthroughoutthestudyarea,buttherewasatendencytowardsspatialclusteringupto<100mdistances.Standingdeadpinesweremostcommonlysituatedonflatgroundorinthemidslopeinthelocaltopography.Inaddition,standingdeadpinescontributedtosubstratediversityalsobycommonlyhavingcharredwoodandbrokentops.Basedonthepresenceofdeadpinesnagsindifferentstageoftransitionfromarecentlydeadpinetoakelowithsilverysurface,itseemsevidentthattheprocessofkelorecruitmentwascontinuouslyinactioninthestudiedlandscape.Conclusions:Kelotreesareanomnipresentfeatureinnaturalpine-dominatedforestlandscapeswithimportantcontributiontoforeststructuralandsubstratediversity.Becauseo

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