简介：Inmanytissuestheparasympatheticandsympatheticnervoussystemregulatesmoothmusctoneviatheirtransmittersaeetylcholineandnoradrenaline,respectively.Directsmoothmusceeeffectsofacetylcholineviamuscarinicreceptorsalwayspromotecontraction,butnon-neuronalsourcescanimportantlycontributetosuchstimulation.Directsmoothmuscleeffectsofnoradren-alinecanpromotecontractionviaal-andsometimesalsoα2-adrenoceptorsbutcanpromotere-laxationandinhibitcontractionviaβ-adrenoceptors.Iwillfocusontheinteractionbetweensub-typesofmuscarinicandβ-adrenergicreceptors,largelyusingtheurinarybladderasanexam-ple.

简介：AbstractObjective:Cardiovascular diseases are associated with an increased risk of depression, but it remains unclear whether treatment with cardiovascular agents decreases or increases this risk. The effects of drugs on individual usage are also often unknown. This review aimed to examine the correlation between depression and common cardiovascular drugs, develop more potent interventions for depression in cardiovascular patients, and further research on the bio-behavioural mechanisms linking cardiovascular drugs to depression.Data sources:The data in this review were obtained from articles included in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science.Study selection:Clinical trials, observational studies, review literature, and guidelines about depression and cardiovascular drugs were selected for the article.Results:We systematically investigated whether the seven most used cardiovascular drugs were associated with altered risk of incident depression in this literature review. Statins have been proven to have antidepressant effects. Some studies believe angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs)/angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) can exert an antidepressant influence by acting on the renin-angiotensin system, but further clinical trials are needed to confirm this. Beta-blockers have previously been associated with depression, but the current study found no significant association between beta blockers and the risk of depression. Aspirin may have antidepressant effects by suppressing the immune response, but its role as an antidepressant remains controversial. calcium channel blockers (CCBs) can regulate nerve signal transduction by adjusting calcium channels, but whether this effect is beneficial or harmful to depression remains unclear. Finally, some cases have reported that nitrates and diuretics are associated with depression, but the current clinical evidence is insufficient.Conclusions:Statins have been proven to have antidepressant effect, and the antidepressant effects of ACEIs/ARB and aspirin are still controversial. CCBs are associated with depression, but it is unclear whether it is beneficial or harmful. No association has been found with β-blockers, diuretics, and nitrates.

简介：AbstractMetabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), previously known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Many risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of MAFLD with metabolic dysregulation being the final arbiter of its development and progression. MAFLD poses a substantial economic burden to societies, which based on current trends is expected to increase over time. Numerous studies have addressed various aspects of MAFLD from its risk associations to its economic and social burden and clinical diagnosis and management, as well as the molecular mechanisms linking MAFLD to end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review summarizes current understanding of the pathogenesis of MAFLD and related diseases, particularly liver cancer. Potential therapeutic agents for MAFLD and diagnostic biomarkers are discussed.

简介：Purpose:Tostudythecorrelationbetweenfunctionalandstructurallossinchronicglaucoma,asdetectedbyFrequencyDoublingTechnology(FDT)andHeilderbergRetinaTomograph(HRT).MaterialandMethods:60eyesof60patientswitheitherocularhypertensionorchronicopen-angleglaucomaunderwentvisualfieldtestingwithbothstandardautomated

简介：

简介：Theprimarycilium,ahair-likesensoryorganellefoundonmostmammaliancells,hasgainedrecentattentionwithinthefieldofneuroscience.Althoughneuralprimaryciliahavebeenknowntoplayaroleinembryoniccentralnervoussystempatterning,wearejustbeginningtoappreciatetheirimportanceinthematureorganism.Afterseveraldecadesofinvestigationandcontroversy,theneuralprimaryciliumisemergingasanimportantregulatorofneuroplasticityinthehealthyadultcentralnervoussystem.Further,primaryciliahaverecentlybeenimplicatedindiseasestatessuchascancerandepilepsy.Intriguingly,whileprimaryciliaareexpressedthroughoutthecentralnervoussystem,theirstructure,receptors,andsignalingpathwaysvarybyanatomicalregionandneuralcelltype.Thesedifferenceslikelybearrelevancetoboththeirhomeostaticandneuropathologicalfunctions,althoughmuchremainstobeuncovered.Inthisreview,weprovideabriefhistoricaloverviewofneuralprimaryciliaandhighlightseveralkeyadvancesinthefieldoverthepastfewdecades.Wethensetforthaproposedresearchagendatofillinthegapsinourknowledgeregardinghowtheprimaryciliumfunctionsandmalfunctionsinnervoustissue,withtheultimategoaloftargetingthissensorystructureforneuralrepairfollowinginjury.

简介：Background:Themeasurementofthepistonlengthduringstapedotomyisimportantanditmayhavesignificanteffectsonthesurgicaloutcome.Objective:Todeterminethepistonlengthinagroupofotosclerosispatientswhounderwentprimarystapedotomy.Materialandmethods:BetweenSep2013andSep2014,85patientswithdiagnosedotosclerosisunderwentprimarystapedotomy.Teflonprosthesisof0.6mmofdiameterwasusedinallpatients.Thedistancebetweenmedialsurfaceofthelongprocessofincusandcenterpointofthestapedialfootplatemeasured.Thepistonlengthcalculatedbyadding0.25mmforthethicknessoffootplateand0.50mmforplacementoftheprosthesisintothevestibule.Results:Thedistancebetweenstapedialfootplateandincusrangedfrom3.50to4.50mm.Themeandistancewas3.95±0.16mm.Inmajorityofcases(74.1%)pistonlengthwas4.75mmfollowedby4.50mmin15.3%and5.00mmin5.9%.Pistonlengthwas4.25mmin3.5%and5.25mminonly1.2%ofpatients.Therewasnosignificantpost-operativecomplicationandairbonegapclosureobtainedinallpatients.Conclusion:Themostcommondistancebetweenfootplateandincusis4.00mm.Nocaseneededapistonlongerthan5.25mmorshorterthan4.25mm.

简介：无

简介：Objective:ThisstudyaimstoexploretheassociationbetweenthedensityofHimalayanmarmot(Marmotahimalayana)andclimaticfactorssuchastemperature,precipitation,humidity,vapourpressure,sunshinepercentage,windvelocity,whicharecloselyassociatedwithglobalclimatechange,andtoprovideareferenceforplaguepreventionandcontrol.Methods:WeconductedaregressionanalysistofindthepossibleclimatefactorsassociatedwiththedensityofHimalayamarmot,andanalyzedtheresponsecharactersofHimalayanmarmottoclimatechange.Results:Dailyprecipitationdays(>=0.1mm)andsunshinepercentageweresignificantlyassociatedwiththedensityofHimalayanmarmot(p<0.01).Conclusion:Climatechangewasassociatedwiththeriskofplague.ThisphenomenonisvaluableforHimalayanmarmotandplagueprevention.MorestudiesareneededtounderstandtheimpactofclimatechangeonHimalayanmarmotandplague.

简介：无

简介：Howtodesignclinicaltrialsformedicaldevicesisaproblemplaguingtheindustrytoday.Astherearemanydifferencesinclinicaltrialsofmedicaldevicesanddrugs.Thispaperdescribesthedifferencesofthetwopointsfromtheperspectivsofdefinitionofmedicaldevicesanddrugs,scope,phasing,subjectsanddesignofclinicaltrialsindetails,aimingtohelptherelatedpersonnelmakescientificdecisionswhileconductingclinicaltrialdesignformedicaldevices.

简介：Duringourresearch,Ithasbeenfoundthatbodyaccelerationhasstrongrelationshipswiththehumanenergyexpenditure.Thispaperdiscussesthemethodstoassessphysicalactivityandconcludesthatforaccurateassessmentofphysicalactivityunderfreelivingconditionstherecentlyintroducedaccelerometerlooksmostpromising.Wedevelopedanewcomputerizedmachinetoassessthebodyactivityandenergyexpenditure.Testdatasofthetreadmillexperiment,respirationexperimentand5-kilometer-runningexperimenthavebeenarchieved,wefoundthatbodyaccerationintegralswithtimehaslinearrelationswithbodyenergyexpenture.

简介：ＴＨＥＣＯＲＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＳＴＵＤＹＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＰＬＡＳＭＡＶＩＳＣＯＳＩＴＹＡＮＤＦＩＢＲＩＮＯＧＥＮＣＯＡＧＵＬＡＢＩＬＩＴＹＴＨＥＣＯＲＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＳＴＵＤＹＢＥＴＷＥＥＮＰＬＡＳＭＡＶＩＳＣＯＳＩＴＹＡＮＤＦＩＢＲＩＮＯＧＥＮＣＯＡＧ...

简介：

简介：AbstractBackground:Whether there is an association between serum uric acid (SUA) level and risk of mortality in the general population remains unclear. Based on the China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease linked to mortality data, a population-based cohort study was performed to investigate the association between SUA level and all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, and cancer mortality in China.Methods:The survival status of participants in the cross-sectional survey was identified from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2017. Only 33,268 individuals with complete SUA data among the 47,204 participants were included in the analysis. We determined the rates of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and cancer mortality. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the effect of the SUA level on mortality.Results:During a total of 297,538.4 person-years of follow-up, 1282 deaths occurred. In the Cox proportional hazards regression model, the rate of all-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and cancer mortality had a U-shaped association with SUA levels only in men, whereas no significant associations were detected in women. For all-cause mortality in men, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) in the first, second, and fourth quartiles compared with the third quartile were 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.67), 1.17 (95% CI 0.92-1.47), and 1.55 (95% CI 1.24-1.93), respectively. For CVD mortality, the corresponding HRs were 1.47 (95% CI 1.00-2.18), 1.17 (95% CI 0.79-1.75), and 1.67 (95% CI 1.16-2.43), respectively. For the cancer mortality rate, only a marginally significant association was detected in the fourth quartile compared with the third quartile with an HR of 1.43 (95% CI 0.99-2.08).Conclusions:The association between SUA and mortality differed by sex. We demonstrated a U-shaped association with SUA levels for all-cause and CVD mortalities among men in China.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenapoptosisandproliferatingcellnuclearantigen(PCNA)expressionofkeratinocytesinCondylomataacuminata(CA).Methods:PCNAexpressionwasobservedbyimmunohistochemistrytechnique(ABCmethod)in51CAspecimensand18normalspecimensofforeskinorvaginalmucosae.55specimens(40intheCAgroupand15inthecontrolgroup)wererandomlysampledforinsitulabelingofapoptoticcellsusingtheTUNELmethod.Results:PositiveexpressionofPCNAinCAandcontrolgroupswere90.2%and77.8%,respectively,andtheproliferationindexinCAgroupwassignificantlyhigherthanthatinthecontrolgroup(P<0.001).Thepositiverateofapoptosiswas42.5%intheCAgroupand53.3%inthecontrolgroup,andtherewerenosignificantdifferencesintheapoptoticindexandapoptosis-proliferationratiobetweentwogroups(P>0.05).Theproliferationindexshowedasignificantnegativecorrelationwiththeapoptosis-proliferationratio(r=-0.62,P=0.01)intheCAgroup.Conclusion:ItissuggestedthattheproliferativeappearanceofCAcouldbeduetotheimbalancebetweencellgrowthandcelldeathwhichiscausedbymoreproliferationandlessapoptosisinkeratinocytes.

简介：AIM:Tocombinecommunityandhospitalservicesinordertoenableimprovementsinpatientmanagement,anintegratedgastroenterologyservice(IGS)wasestablished.METHODS:Referralpatternstospecialistclinicswereoptimized;openaccessrouteforendoscopicprocedures(includingesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy,sigmoidoscopyandcolonoscopy)wasestablished;familyphysicians’knowledgeandconfidencewereenhanced;directcommunicationlinesbetweenexpertsandprimarycarephysicianswereopened.Continuingeducation,guidelinesandagreedinstructionsforreferralwerepromotedbytheIGS.SixqualityindicatorsweredevelopedbytheDelphimethod,rigorouslydesignedandregularlymonitored.Improvementwasassessedbycomparing2010,2011and2012indicators.RESULTS:Anintegrateddeliverysysteminaspecificmedicalfieldmayprovideasolutiontoafragmentedhealthcaresystemimpairedbyalackofcoordination.InthispaperwedescribeanewintegratedgastroenterologyserviceestablishedinApril2010.Waitingtimeforproceduresdecreased:3moinApril30th2010to3wkinApril30th2011andstayedbetween1-3wktillDecember30th2012.Averagecostforpatient’svisitdecreasedfrom691to638NIS(adecreaseof7.6%).Sixhealthindicatorswereimprovedsignificantlycomparing2010to2012,2.5%to67.5%:Bonedensitometryforpatientswithinflammatoryboweldisease,preventivemedicationsforhighriskpatientsonaspirin/NSAIDs,colonoscopyfollowingpositivefecaloccultbloodtest,gastroscopyinBarrett’sesophagus,documentationoffamilyhistoryofcolorectalcancer,andcolonoscopyinpatientswithafamilyhistoryofcolorectalcancer.CONCLUSION:EstablishmentofanIGSwasfoundtoeffectivelyimprovequalityofcare,whilebeingcosteffective.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetherelationshipbetweengenemutationandpathologicaltypeoflungcancer,inspectandverifytheconsistencybetweenhomologousgenesmutationinvariouspathologictype.Methods:CombinedwiththeCOSMICandUniProtdatabase,weobtainedthereportedoverallbig-samplemutationdataoflungcancerandtheproteinsequencesofthetop20mutatedgenes,respectively.Analyzethedataandclustertheproteinsequencesandthendeducethehomologousgene.Ultimately,analyzethemutationsofdifferentpathologicaltypesofhomologousgenes.Results:TP53(32.32%)hasthehighestmutationrateinlungcancer,followedbyEGFR(29.12%).Thecopynumbervariability(CNV)ofgenes:KRAS,LRP1B,CDKN2A,KMT2C,FAT1,PIK3CA,RB1,ERBB4,GRIN2AandKDRbetweeneachpathologicaltypeisstaticallysignificant(P<0.05).ThegenedifferentialexpressionratebetweenadenocarcinomaandsquamouscarcinomaofgeneTP53,KRAS,LRP1B,CDKN2A,STK11,FAT4,KMT2D,NFE2L2,KEAP1,PIK3CA,RB1,ERBB4,SMARCA4andKDRarestatisticallysignificant(P<0.05).ThesimilarityoftheproteinsequenceofEGFRandERBB4canreach93%,andFAT4andFAT1are81%.Forsmallcellcarcinoma,there’snodifferenceinCNVbetweenthetwogroupsofhomologousgenes,andnodifferencebetweenFAT4andFAT1inadenocarcinoma.Conclusion:TheCNVandgeneexpressionoflungcancer-associatedgenesarerelevanttopathologictypes.GFRandERBB4arehomologous,FAT4andFAT1arealsoamongthetop20mutationgenes.Additionally,there’snodifferenceinCNVbetweenthetwogroupsofsmallcellcarcinoma,whichisthesamebetweenFAT4andFAT1inadenocarcinoma.

简介：这份报纸论述一个新方法学习在橘子皮之间的相互作用，由吸收spectrum.The作者的啤酒从橘子皮的吸收系列和橘子皮和啤酒的混合在某波浪乐队上探索变化法律和吸收度的差别。尽管吸收度二件样品珍视，在323nm附近有明显的差别的结果表演在大多数乐队是几乎类似的。混合的吸收度价值显然比在在系列的276nm的橘子皮的大，并且有在混合的吸收光谱的山峰位置的移动，它显示出吸收度价值的差别和二件样品的山峰位置。通过比较二件样品的吸收系列的特征，为研究橘子皮的新药理学行动的一个新方法在这篇论文被介绍。结果显示光谱分析的技术将在中国草药的药理学和新药理学的研究和发展起一个重要作用。

简介：<正>1.IntroductionThegoalofthepresentstudywastodevelopnon-in-vasivetechniquesfortheassessmentofvoicedisordersandformonitoringtheeffectsofvoice.However,beforeacous-ticalgorithmscanbeusedinclinicalapplications,itisimportanttounderstandtherelationshipbetweenclinicalperceptionsofvoicequalityandtheacousticmeasuresob-