简介:Throughoutmythicalandhistoricaltimes,Africa,orLibyaastheGreekssaid,provedtobeatrustycompanionoftheancientMediterraneanworld.WhenOdysseusroundedthePeloponnese,hefirstcameupontheNorthAfricancoast;afterstealingtheGoldenFleece,JasonandhismenaresaidtohavecrossedtheoceanandthenthecontinentwiththeArgoontheirshoulders.1Pirates,mercenariesandmerchantshadpliedtheroutetoEgyptfromtimeimmemorial;seafarersfromthelateArchaicepochonwardsreachedAfrica’swesterncoaststhroughtheStraitofGibraltarandtheEastcoastfromtheRedSea;inthefollowingcenturies,contactswereestablishedasfarinlandasNubiaandthekingdomofMeroe.
简介:AmEndeseinerTiberius-BiographieführtSuetonvierTodesszenariendesKaisersan,1einesdavonsollausderBürgerkriegsgeschichtedesSenecaMaiorstammenundlautetwiefolgt(Suet.Tib.73,2=PeterF2,FRHist74F1):2Senecaeumscribitintellectadefectioneexemptumanulumquasialicuitraditurumparumpertenuisse,deinrursusaptassedigitoetcompressasinistramanuiacuissediuimmobilem,subitovocatisministrisacneminerespondenteconsurrexissenecproculalectulodeficientibusviribusconcidisse.
简介:《孔氏家儀》是清人孔繼汾所撰的一部家族禮儀著作,因"字句悖逆"、内容與欽定禮典多有不合,於乾隆五十年遭到查禁,孔繼汾亦獲罪遣戍。以往學界對此問題的研究,主要從文字獄層面,揭示乾隆時期的文網嚴密程度,未免單一和片面。在史實叙述和史料運用方面,既有研究也存在諸多不足。本文立足於乾隆朝硃批奏摺、録副奏摺和孔府檔案等材料,將《孔氏家儀》禁毁案放在有清一代宏觀背景下,從"古禮"與"今俗"的衝突、清廷與孔府的矛盾等多維視角出發,對《孔氏家儀》案進行重新剖析和探討。以此研究,可以看到清代尤其乾隆時期的禮儀秩序重建、行政體制運作、官紳矛盾等多個面相,豐富對清代政治史的認知和理解。