简介：Statisticalapproachesforevaluatingcausaleffectsandfordiscoveringcausalnetworksarediscussedinthispaper.Acausalrelationbetweentwovariablesisdifferentfromanassociationorcorrelationbetweenthem.Anassociationmeasurementbetweentwovariablesandmaybechangeddramaticallyfrompositivetonegativebyomittingathirdvariable,whichiscalledYule-Simpsonparadox.WeshalldiscusshowtoevaluatethecausaleffectofatreatmentorexposureonanoutcometoavoidthephenomenaofYule-Simpsonparadox.Surrogatesandintermediatevariablesareoftenusedtoreducemeasurementcostsordurationwhenmeasurementofendpointvariablesisexpensive,inconvenient,infeasibleorunobservableinpractice.Therehavebeenmanycriteriaforsurrogates.However,itispossiblethatforasurrogatesatisfyingthesecriteria,atreatmenthasapositiveeffectonthesurrogate,whichinturnhasapositiveeffectontheoutcome,butthetreatmenthasanegativeeffectontheoutcome,whichiscalledthesurrogateparadox.Weshalldiscusscriteriaforsurrogatestoavoidthephenomenaofthesurrogateparadox.Causalnetworkswhichdescribethecausalrelationshipsamongalargenumberofvariableshavebeenappliedtomanyresearchfields.Itisimportanttodiscoverstructuresofcausalnetworksfromobserveddata.Weproposearecursiveapproachfordiscoveringacausalnetworkinwhichastructurallearningofalargenetworkisdecomposedrecursivelyintolearningofsmallnetworks.Furthertodiscovercausalrelationships,wepresentanactivelearningapproachintermsofexternalinterventionsonsomevariables.Whenwefocusonthecausesofaninterestoutcome,insteadofdiscoveringawholenetwork,weproposealocallearningapproachtodiscoverthesecausesthataffecttheoutcome.

简介：Therecentrapiddevelopmentsintheautomobileindustryhavedemandedtheextensiveuseofgalvannealed(GA)steelsheets.Inparticular,thedevelopmentoflightweightautomobilesisputtingincreasinglyhigherrequirementsonthestrengthofGAsteelsheets.Thegalvannealfurnace,whichisusedforprocessinggalvannealedsteelsheets,istypicallycomposedoftheinductionheatingsection,holdingsectionandfogcoolingsection.Thispaperdescribedthestructuralcharacteristicsofeachcomponentofthegalvannealfurnace,andanalyzedtemperaturecontrolmethodsofthegalvannealfurnacethatareimportantforthesuccessfulproductionofhigh-strengthGAsteelsheetsforautomotiveapplications.

简介：CO2emissionofthesteelindustrytakesupagreatproportionofthetotalemissionoftheworld.ItisnecessarytoreducetheCO2intensityofsteelproductsinordertosaveenergy,protecttheenvironmentandkeepasustainabledevelopmentinthesteelindustry.Basedontheresearchofsteelproducts'lifecycleinventory,thosewhoconductedthisresearchhavefocusedontheanalysisofCO2emissionfactorsandmeasures.Adoptingthelifecycleinventorymodelofacertainsteelmakingsite,togetherwiththeTornadoChart,theresearchershaveidentifiedsignificantfactors,providedsomeexplanation,andsuggestedsomepossiblemeasurestoreduceCO2emission.TheresultshaveshownthatthemostimportantfactorsaretheCO2intensityofblastfurnacegas(BFG),hotmetalratioofbasicoxygenfurnace(BOF)andthematerialutilizationefficiency.Accordingly,somemeasuressuchasremovingCO2inBFG,decreasingthehotmetalproportioninBOF,andimprovematerialutilizationefficiencyineachprocess,maybetakentodecreaseCO2emission.

简介：Inthispaper,aspiralmagneticfieldelectromagneticstirrer,whichcanseparatelyinducetwodifferentmagneticfields,isintroduced.Thecorrespondingcentralmagneticfluxcurvesofthestirrerweremeasuredbytwodif

简介：La1.5Mg17Ni0.5hydrogenstoragematerialswerepreparedbyhydridingcombustionsynthesis(HCS)andmechanicalalloying(MA)methodrespectively.TheexperimentalresultsshowthatthehydrogenabsorptionpropertiesofLa1.5Mg17Nio.5preparedbyMAarebetterthanthatbyHCS.La1.5Mg17Nio.5preparedbyMAcanabsorb6.73mass%hydrogenat523Kwithin1min,and4.92mass%hydrogenat423K.TheimprovementofhydridingpropertiesofLa1.5Mg17Ni0.5alloypreparedbyMAcanbeascribedtotheformationofnano-crystallineanddefectsduringthemechanicalalloying.

简介：在热带分厂原有烟囱上开设9．62m^2孔具有很大的风险，应保证烟囱截面削弱后上部荷载能有效重新分布、均匀传递。

简介：结合KT炉壁枪系统的构成，详细介绍氧枪工作原理及工作模式。分析了KT炉壁氧枪系统出现的问题，论述了原材料等因素变化对KT炉壁氧枪系统造成的影响，对KT炉壁氧枪的结构及工艺控制参数进行了优化。

简介：针对方大特钢公司60Si2Mn弹簧扁钢产品出现剪切端面裂纹问题,进行裂纹检测、剪切温度试验和不同温度下力学性能检测;分析发现剪切时的温度对裂纹产生的影响,发现剪切裂纹是剪切应力作用于偏析较严重部位形成的裂纹源在残余应力释放过程中扩展形成的横向裂纹.根据分析结果,在生产实践中分别对炼钢、轧制工序采取相应措施,有效控制了弹簧扁钢的剪切端面裂纹.

简介：采用退火工艺来消除钢锭内应力、减少化学成分偏析及显微组织的不均匀性,适当调整制造工艺,在不增加成本的前提下,锻造出合格的锻件,并最终加工成符合技术要求的产品。

简介：概述了60/150kN耙式吊大车端梁裂纹产生的原因和裂纹的处理方案，大车端梁头两侧腹板由12mm加厚到30mm，并增加主撑筋；贴板由14mm加厚到24mm。按此处理后，已使用22个月末出现裂纹。

简介：针对60Si2Mn弹簧圆钢在拉伸试验中发生脆断的失效样品进行断口、夹杂物、金相组织等分析检验,发现脆断的主要原因与热处理过程中的淬火温度、回火时间及操作程序均有较密切的关系。

简介：本文着重介绍我厂６０ｋＡ侧插自焙电解槽节能降耗的管理经验和考核措施，节能降耗效果明显。

简介：北京时间10月21日晚间，法国电力公司（EDF）正式宣布，中国广核集团将在英国欣克利角核电项目中投资60亿英镑（约合588亿元人民币），持股33．5％。欣克利角核电项目总投资高达180亿英镑，由法国电力集团与中国企业共同建设，是英国30年来的首个核电项目，因高昂的造价被称为“地球上最昂贵的工程”。该项目预计2025年完工。

简介：通过对国家标准中60Si2Mn弹簧圆钢试样热处理工艺的试验和改进,提出了适合鄂钢产60Si2Mn弹簧圆钢试样的热处理工艺,满足了国家标准对60Si2Mn弹簧圆钢各项力学性能指标的要求。

简介：本文总结了转炉低成本开发GR60美标钢筋的生产实践。采用本工艺开发生产GR60美标钢筋不仅可以获得可靠的力学性能，与采用微合金化工艺相比可降低成本120元／吨，产生良好的经济效益，在当前国家宏观限产政策下，具有较好的开发价值。

简介：Theeffectsofthefinalelectromagneticstirring(EMS)onthesolidificationstructureof60Si2CrVAThighstrengthspring(HSS)steelofcontinuouscasting(CC)billetshasbeenstudied.Theanalysisofthesolidificationstructureisbasedonthecomparisonbetweenthemacrostructure,microstructure,carbonsegregationanddefectsofthe60Si2CrVATbilletwithmold-electromagneticstirring(M-EMS)andthosewiththeM+finalsolidificationzoneelectromagneticstirring(F-EMS).ItisfoundthatthesolidificationstructureofthebilletwiththeF-EMSisimprovedwiththetightnessofthebilletandtheincreaseintheratiooftheequiaxedstructure,theinnerporosityandtheshrinkageareremarkablyreduced,andthattheratioofcentralcarbonsegregationsharplydecreases.Meanwhile,thesecondarydendritearmspacing(SDAS)isimproved,andtheratioofcentralequiaxedgrainconsiderablyincreases,whichresultsinfinergrains.Therefore,thequalityofthebilletisenhancedwiththeF-EMS.

简介：韩国计划分两个阶段提升LED照明普及率至60％，届时将带动2020年照明占韩LED产值比重逾4成。相关组织机构指出，韩国已于2011年6月公布“LED照明2060计划”，订立2020年其LED照明普及率将达60％的目标。

简介：文章简单介绍了60Si2MnT铁路Ⅲ型弹条用钢现状,叙述了鄂钢生产Ⅲ型弹条用钢的工艺研究及过程控制情况以及试生产结果。

简介：该文筒述了管线钢的市场状况，X60、X65、X70技术要求，生产难点、工艺流程，酒钢生产设备、前期开发情况，对洒钢开发管线钢X60、X65、X70板卷的可行性进行了分析。

简介：ＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＲａｒｅＥａｒｔｈｓｏｎＴｅｎｓｉｌｅＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒｏｆＨｏｔＲｏｌｅｒＳｔｅｌ６０ＣｒＭｎＭｏａｎｄＥｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆＲｏｌ′ｓＦａｔｉｇｕｅＬｉｆｅＹａｎｇＱｉｎｇｘｉａｎｇ（杨庆祥），ＺｈｕＧｕａｎｇｒｏｎｇ（朱广荣），...