简介:眼内病毒感染多由疱疹病毒家族导致。在免疫功能正常者中,以病毒性前葡萄膜炎与急性视网膜坏死综合征较为常见。对免疫功能低下者,有巨细胞病毒视网膜炎及进行性外层视网膜坏死,两者均发生在获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)后期。其他非AIDS患者,如白血病、器官移植、恶性肿瘤或自身免疫性疾病,因长期使用免疫抑制剂亦可发生巨细胞病毒视网膜炎。本文结合文献分别对上述眼内病毒感染性疾病进行叙述。
简介:目的分析息肉状脉络膜血管病变(PCV)的临床误诊原因,以作出正确诊断。方法回顾分析31例经吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA)确诊为PCV患者的眼底、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、相干光断层扫描(OCT)、B超改变情况。结果误诊为湿性年龄相关性黄斑病变5例,误诊为慢性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变3例,误诊为孔源性视网膜脱离1例。结论提高对PCV的全面认识,掌握其眼底、FFA、OCT、B超特征性改变,可降低临床误诊率。
简介:·Thetherapeuticeffectofselenium(Se)hasalreadybeenproveninthyroiddiseaseandthyroidassociatedophthalmopathy(TAO).InspiteofclearscientificproofofitsbenefitsinTAO,thereappearstobenoclearagreementamongthecliniciansregardingitsoptimumdose,durationofthetreatment,efficacyandsafetytodate.Inthisreview,theauthorsummarisesthefindingsof135Englishlanguagearticlespublishedonthissubjectoverthepastfourdecadesfrom1973to2013.TheregulationandmetabolismofthyroidhormonesrequireasteadysupplyofSeandrecentstudieshaverevealedseveralpossiblemechanismsbywhichSeimprovestheseverityofthyroiddiseaseandTAO.Thesemechanismsinclude1)inhibitoryeffectofHLA-DRmoleculeexpressiononthyrocytes;2)profoundreductionsofthyroidstimulatinghormone(TSH)receptorantibodies(TSHR-Ab)andTPOantibodies(TPO-Ab);3)preventionofdysregulationofcell-mediatedimmunityandBcellfunction;4)neutralisingreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andinhibitionofredoxcontrolprocessesrequiredfortheactivation,differentiationandactionoflymphocytes,macrophages,neutrophils,naturalkillercellsinvolvedinbothacuteandchronicorbitalinflammationinTAO;5)inhibitionofexpressionofproinflammatorycytokinesand6)inhibitionofprostaglandinandleukotrienesynthesis.AnincreasedoxidativestresshasbeenobservedinbothacuteandchronicphasesofthyroiddiseasewithraisedtissueconcentrationsofROS.ThebenefitsofSesupplementationinindividualswithTAOappeartobeproportionatetothedegreeofsystemicactivityofthethyroiddisease.ThemaximalbenefitofSesupplementationisthereforeseeninthesubjectswhoarehyperthyroid.RestorationofeuthyroidismisoneofthemaingoalsinthemanagementofTAOandwhenanti-thyroiddrugsarecombinedwithSe,thepatientswithGraves’disease(GD)andautoimmunethyroiditis(AIT)achievedeuthyroidismfasterthanthosetreatedwithanti-thyroiddrugsalone.SestatusofnormaladulthumanscanvarywidelyandSe
简介:世界各地糖尿病增加是主要由于2型糖尿病患者的人数在上升。2型糖尿病越来越常见是因为:随着人的寿命延长,糖尿病更多发生在中老年人中。随着人们越来越多地迁移到市区,运动减少,吃得更多,不健康的食物,越来越多的人正变得肥胖成为2型糖尿病的主要原因。糖尿病增加一系列的眼部疾病风险,包括白内障,但是与糖尿病有关盲的主要原因是糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)。糖尿病视网膜病变通常在患糖尿病后的十至二十年之间发生并且当糖尿病未确诊及未治疗时发展更快。