简介：BACKGROUND:Intracerebralhemorrhage(ICH)andcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)havethesamepathologicalbase,atherosclerosis,andthesimilarriskfactors,suchassmoking,drinking,hypertension,hyperlipemia,diabetesmellitus,etc;butthedistributionsoftwodiseasesareverydifferentinthepopulations.Thismayberelatedtotheexposureofriskfactorsanddifferenteffectsofriskfactorsontwodiseases.OBJECTIVE:ToanalyzethedistributiondifferenceofriskfactorsforICHandCHDinthepopulationsofTongliaocityofNeiMonggolAutonomousRegion.DESIGN:Retrospectiveanalysis.SETTING:SchoolofRadiationMedicineandPublicHealth,SoochowUniversity;TongliaoHospital,NeiMonggolAutonomousRegion.PARTICIPANTS:Randomsamplingwasusedtoselect6hospitalsfrom10hospitalsaffiliatedtoTongliaoCityofNeiMonggolAutonomousRegion.Totally1672medicalrecordsofpatientswithICHand2195medicalrecordsofpatientswithCHDadmittedtoDepartmentofNeurologyandDepartmentofCardiovascularInternalMedicineofabove-mentioned6hospitalsbetweenJanuary2003andDecember2005werecollectedaccordingtotheinvestigationneed.METHODS:Thesubjects,whosemedicalrecordswereinvolved,wereperformedretrospectiveanalysiswithpre-preparedquestionnaire'StrokeandCoronaryHeartDiseaseEpidemiologicQuestionnaire'.Themaincontentsincluded:①Socialdemographycondition:Thedistributionsofgender,age,nationality,etc.②Previoushistoryofdisease:hypertension,diabetesmellitus,etc.③Relatedriskfactors:systolicbloodpressure,diastolicbloodpressure,totalcholesterol,triglyceride,high-densitylipoproteincholesterol,low-densitylipoproteincholesterol,smoking,drinkingandglucose(GLU).ThedatabaseofEpidatawastransformedtoSPSSdatabase.Single-andmultiple-factornon-conditionalLogisticregressionanalysiswereperformedonthedata,andORvalueand95%CIwerecalculated.Thedistributiondifferencesofriskfactorsfortwodiseaseswerecompared

简介：Thecorneahasuniquefeaturesthatmakeitausefulmodelforregenerativemedicinestudies.Itisanavascular,transparent,denselyinnervatedtissueandanypathologicalchangescanbeeasilydetectedbyslitlampexamination.Cornealsensitivityisprovidedbytheophthalmicbranchofthetrigeminalnervethatelicitsprotectivereflexessuchasblinkingandtearingandexertstrophicsupportbyreleasingneuromediatorsandgrowthfactors.Cornealnervesareeasilyevaluatedforbothfunctionandmorphologyusingstandardinstrumentssuchascornealesthesiometerandinvivoconfocalmicroscope.Alllocalandsystemicconditionsthatareassociatedwithdamageofthetrigeminalnervecausethedevelopmentofneurotrophickeratitis,araredegenerativedisease.Neurotrophickeratitisischaracterizedbyimpairmentofcornealsensitivityassociatedwithdevelopmentofpersistentepithelialdefectsthatmayprogresstocornealulcer,meltingandperforation.Currentneurotrophickeratitistreatmentsaimatsupportingcornealhealingandpreventingprogressionofcornealdamage.Novelcompoundsabletostimulatecornealnerverecoveryareinadvanceddevelopmentstage.Amongthem,nervegrowthfactoreyedropsshowedtobesafeandeffectiveinstimulatingcornealhealingandimprovingcornealsensitivityinpatientswithneurotrophickeratitis.Neurotrophickeratitisrepresentsanusefulmodeltoevaluateinclinicalpracticenovelneuro-regenerativedrugs.

简介：BACKGROUND:ResearchfocusedonthequalityoflifeofepilepticpatientsbeganonlyveryrecentlyinChina;inparticular,mostresearchhasfocusedonchildren,butlessonepilepticadults.OBJECTIVE:Tosurveyandanalyze11influentialfactorsforqualityoflifeinadultswithepilepsybyusingqualityoflifeepilepsy-31scale.DESIGN:Cross-sectionalstudy.SETTING:DepartmentofNeurology,FirstHospitalAffiliatedtoJinanUniversity;DepartmentofNeurology,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofWenzhouMedicalCollege.PARTICIPANTS:Atotalof107adultswithepilepsyforlongerthanoneyearwereselectedfromDepartmentofNeurology,FirstHospitalAffiliatedtoJinanUniversitybetweenMarch2004andDecember2006.TheincludedpatientsmettheClassificationandDiagnosticCriteriaofEpilepticAttackpublishedbyInternationalAnti-EpilepsyLeaguein1981,andtheyprovidedinformedconsent.METHODS:Generalstates,includingcourse,attackfrequency,marriagestatus,educationallevel,occupationaltypes,economicstatus,attacktypes,drugtypes,anddrugamount,wererecorded.ThereweresevenaspectsintheQualityofLifeEpilepsy-31scale,includingattackworry,lifesatisfaction,emotion,vigor/tiredness,druginfluence,cognitivefunction,andsocialfunction.Thescorespositivelycorrelatedwiththequalityoflife.Possibleinfluentialfactorsforqualityoflifewereanalyzedbyone-wayANOVAandmultivariateregressionanalysis.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:Course,attackfrequency,marriagestatus,educationallevel,occupationaltypes,economicstatus,attacktypes,drugtypes,drugamount,age,andsex.RESULTS:Atotalof107epilepticpatientswereincludedinthefinalanalysis.Influentialfactorsforqualityoflifeinepilepticadultsincludedattackfrequency,educationallevel,economicstatus,attacktypes,drugamount,age,andcourseofdisease(P<0.05).Amongthem,attackfrequencynegativelycorrelatedwithattackworry,lifesatisfaction,emotion,vigor/tiredness,cognitivefunc

简介：MolecularmechanismsoftheKru?ppel-likefamilyoftranscriptionfactors(KLFs)havebeenstudiedmoreinproliferatingcellsthaninpost-mitoticcellssuchasneurons.WerecentlyfoundthatKLFsregulateintrinsicaxongrowthabilityincentralnervoussystem(CNS)neuronsincludingretinalganglioncells,andhippocampalandcorticalneurons.Withatleast15of17KLFfamilymembersexpressedinneuronsandatleast5structurallyuniquesubfamilies,itisimportanttodeterminehowthiscomplexfamilyfunctionsinneuronstoregulatetheintricategeneticprogramsofaxongrowthandregeneration.BycharacterizingthemolecularmechanismsoftheKLFfamilyinthenervoussystem,includingbindingpartnersandgenetargets,andcomparingthemtodefinedmechanismsdefinedoutsidethenervoussystem,wemaybetterunderstandhowKLFsregulateneuritegrowthandaxonregeneration.

简介：ThedefiningneuropathologicalfeatureofParkinson’sdisease(PD)isthelossofnigrostriataldopaminergic(DA)projections.Thisresultsinabiochemicalreductionofstriataldopaminelevelsandmovementdisorders,suchasatremoratrest,rigidityofthelimbs,bradykinesia,andposturalinstability(Kimetal.,2011;Kimetal.,2012;BurkeandO’Malley,2013;Leemetal.,2014;Nametal.,2014).BecausetheetiologyofPDisnotfullyunderstood,itcannotguidethedevelopmentofknowledge-basedtargetedtherapeutics.

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简介：Neurotrophicfactorscompriseessentialsecretedproteinsthathaveseveralfunctionsinneuralandnon-neuraltissues,mediatingthedevelopment,survivalandmaintenanceofperipheralandcentralnervoussystem.Therefore,neurotrophicfactorissuehasbeenextensivelyinvestigatedintothecontextofneurodegenerativediseases.Alzheimer'sdiseaseandParkinson'sdiseaseshowchangesintheregulationofspecificneurotrophicfactorsandtheirreceptors,whichappeartobecriticalforneuronaldegeneration.Indeed,neurotrophicfactorspreventcelldeathindegenerativeprocessesandcanenhancethegrowthandfunctionofaffectedneuronsinthesedisorders.Basedonrecentreports,thisreviewdiscussesthemainfindingsrelatedtotheneurotrophicfactorsupport–mainlybrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorandglialcellline-derivedneurotrophicfactor–inthesurvival,proliferationandmaturationofaffectedneuronsinAlzheimer'sdiseaseandParkinson'sdiseaseaswellastheirputativeapplicationasnewtherapeuticapproachforthesediseasesmanagement.

简介：OBJECTIVE:Toinvestigatethefactorsassociatedwithsensoryandmotorrecoveryaftertherepairofupperlimbperipheralnerveinjuries.DATASOURCES:TheonlinePubMeddatabasewassearchedforEnglisharticlesdescribingoutcomesaftertherepairofmedian,ulnar,radial,anddigitalnerveinjuriesinhumanswithapublicationdatebetween1January1990and16February2011.STUDYSELECTION:Thefollowingtypesofarticlewereselected:(1)clinicaltrialsdescribingtherepairofmedian,ulnar,radial,anddigitalnerveinjuriespublishedinEnglish;and(2)studiesthatreportedsufficientpatientinformation,includingage,mechanismofinjury,nerveinjured,injurylocation,defectlength,repairtime,repairmethod,andrepairmaterials.SPSS13.0softwarewasusedtoperformunivariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanalysesandtoinvestigatethepatientandinterventionfactorsassociatedwithoutcomes.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:SensoryfunctionwasassessedusingtheMackinnon-Dellonscaleandmotorfunctionwasassessedusingthemanualmuscletest.SatisfactorymotorrecoverywasdefinedasgradeM4orM5,andsatisfactorysensoryrecoverywasdefinedasgradeS3+orS4.RESULTS:Seventy-onearticleswereincludedinthisstudy.Univariateandmultivariatelogisticregressionanalysesshowedthatrepairtime,repairmaterials,andnerveinjuredwereindependentpredictorsofoutcomeaftertherepairofnerveinjuries(P<0.05),andthatthenerveinjuredwasthemainfactoraffectingtherateofgoodtoexcellentrecovery.CONCLUSION:Predictorsofoutcomeaftertherepairofperipheralnerveinjuriesincludeage,gender,repairtime,repairmaterials,nerveinjured,defectlength,anddurationoffollow-up.

简介：Outdoorairpollutionisaknownriskfactorformortalityandmorbidity.Thetypeofairpollutantmostreliablyassociatedwithdiseaseisparticulatematter(PM),especiallyfinerparticulatematterthatcanreachdeeperintothelungslikePM_(2.5)(particulatematterdiameter<2.5μm).SomesubpopulationsmaybeparticularlyvulnerabletoPMpollution.Thisreviewfocusesononesubgroup,long-termstrokesurvivors,andtheemergingevidencesuggestingthatsurvivorsofastrokemaybeatahigherriskfromthedeleteriouseffectsofPMpollution.Whilethemechanismsformortalityarestillunderdebate,long-termstrokesurvivorsmaybevulnerabletosimilarmechanismsthatunderliethewell-establishedassociationbetweenPMpollutionandcardiovasculardisease.Thefactthatlong-termstrokesurvivorsofischemic,butnothemorrhagic,strokesappeartobemorevulnerabletotheriskofdeathfromhigherPMpollutionmayalsobolstertheconnectiontoischemicheartdisease.SurvivorsofanischemicstrokemaybemorevulnerabletodyingfromhigherconcentrationsofPMpollutionthanthegeneralpopulation.TheclinicalimplicationsofthisassociationsuggestthatreducedexposuretoPMpollutionmayresultinfewerdeathsamongststrokesurvivors.

简介：BACKGROUND:Exposuretolow-levelleadhasatoxiceffectonthedevelopmentofneonates,whichhasattractedwideattention.Colostrumleadlevelcanbeusedastheindicationofleadexposure.OBJECTIVE:Toobservetherelationshipofcolostrumleadlevelandtheneurobehavioraldevelopmentofinfants.DESIGN:Aprospectivecontrolobservation.SETTING:CenterforMaternalandChildHealth,ShanxiProvincialChildren'sHospital.PARTICIPANTS:Totally128neonatesoffull-termnormaldelivery,76maleand52female,fromShanxiProvincialMaternalandChildHealthCenterandJiexiuMaternalandChildHealthCenterwereinvolvedinthisstudy.Alltheinvolvedneonateshadnoperipartalischemic/hypoxichistoryorfetusintrauterinedevelopmentallag.Pregnantwomenhadnovariousacuteandchronicdiseasesinpregnancy,familyhistoryofneurologicaldiseaseoroccupationalleadexposure.128portionsofcolostrumsampleoffull-termnormaldeliverywerecollected.Informedconsentsofdetecteditemswereobtainedfromthepuerperantsandtheirrelatives.METHODS:①Experimentalgrouping:Leadlevelinthecolostrumwasdeterminedbyatomicabsorptionspectrometry.Accordingtoleadlevelinthecolostrum,theneonateswereclassifiedintotwoexposuregroupsofgreaterthanorequalto0.24μmol/Linahigh-levelleadgroupandlessthan0.24μmol/Linalow-levelleadgroup.②Experimentalevaluation:Mentaldevelopmentalindex(MDI)andpsychologicaldevelopmentalindex(PDI)of3-month-oldinfantswereevaluatedwithBayleyScalesofInfantDevelopment(BSID).TherelationshipsofMDI,PDIandcolostrumleadlevelwereperformedcorrelationregressionanalysis;Therelationshipofcolostrumleadlevelanddevelopmentwasperformedmulti-factoranalysiswithfamilyenvironmentandhealthquestionnaires.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:①EvaluationresultsofMDIandPDI.②Multi-factoranalysisresults.RESULTS:Totally128neonateswereinvolvedinthestudy.Tenandelevenneonateswerelostduetoemigra

简介：Icariin,themajoractivecomponentofChinesemedicinalherbepimediumbrevicornummaxim,isusedwidelyintraditionalChinesemedicineforthetreatmentofneurologicaldiseases.However,theeffectsoficariinonmyelininhibitoryfactorsareasyetunclear.Inthepresentstudy,administrationoficariinat20mg/kgshowedamarkedreductioninneurologicaldeficitofmiddlecerebralarteryocclusionrats.Icariinexhibitedbetterinhibitoryeffectsonmyelininhibitoryfactors:Nogo-A,myelin-associatedglycoproteinandoligodendrocytemyelinglycoproteininischemiaregionsofmiddlecerebralarteryocclusionratscomparedwithmonosialotetrahexosylganglioside.Theseresultsindicatethaticariinexhibitspotentinhibitoryeffectsonexpressionofmyelininhibitorsaftermiddlecerebralarteryocclusion-inducedfocalcerebralischemiainvivo.Thiseffectmaybemediated,atleastinpart,bytheinhibitionofbothNogo-A,myelin-associatedglycoproteinandoligodendrocytemyelinglycoproteinactivation,followedbytheenhancementofaxonalsproutingandregeneration,resultinginneurologicalfunctionalrecovery.

简介：OBJECTIVE:ToevaluatetheassociationofX-raycross-complementinggroup1(XRCC1)Arg399Gln,Arg194TrpandArg280Hispolymorphismswiththeriskofglioma.DATASOURCES:AsystematicliteraturesearchofpaperspublishedfromJanuary2000toAugust2012inPubMed,Embase,ChinaNationalKnowledgeInfrastructuredatabase,andWanfangdatabasewasperformed.Thekeywordsusedwere"glioma","polymorphism",and"XRCC1orX-rayrepaircross-complementinggroup1".Referencescitedintheretrievedarticleswerescreenedmanuallytoidentifyadditionaleligiblestudies.STUDYSELECTION:Studieswereidentifiedaccordingtothefollowinginclusioncriteria:case-controldesignwasbasedonunrelatedindividuals;andgenotypefrequencywasavailabletoestimateanoddsratio(OR)and95%confidenceinterval(CI).Meta-analysiswasperformedfortheselectedstudiesafterstrictscreening.Dominantandrecessivegeneticmodelswereusedandtherelationshipbetweenhomozygousmutantgenotypefrequenciesandmutantgenefrequencyandgliomaincidencewasinvestigated.WechosethefixedorrandomeffectmodelaccordingtotheheterogeneitytocalculateORand95%CI,andsensitivityanalyseswereconducted.PublicationbiaswasexaminedusingtheinvertedfunnelplotandtheEgger’stestusingStata12.0software.MAINOUTCOMEMEASURES:AssociationofXRCC1Arg399Gln,Arg194Trp,andArg280Hispolymorphismswiththeriskofglioma,andsubgroupanalyseswereperformedaccordingtodifferentethnicitiesofthesubjects.RESULTS:Twelvearticleswereincludedinthemeta-analysis.ElevenofthearticleswereconcernedwiththeArg399Glnpolymorphismandgliomaonsetrisk.Significantlyincreasedgliomariskswerefoundonlyinthedominantmodel(Gln/Gln+Gln/ArgversusArg/Arg:OR=1.26,95%CI=1.03-1.54,P=0.02).Inthesubgroupanalysisbyethnicity,significantlyincreasedriskwasfoundinAsiansubjectsintherecessive(OR=1.46,95%CI=1.04-2.45,P=0.03)anddominantmodels(OR=1.40,95%CI=1.10-1.78,P=0.007),andhomozygotecontrast(OR=1.69,95%CI=1.17-2.45,P=0.005),bu

简介：Thegenesfor5-lipoxygenaseactivatingprotein(ALOX5AP)andphosphodiesterase4D(PDE4D)havebeendemonstratedassusceptibilitygenesforlacunarintheIcelandicandPakistanipopulations,butlittleisknownabouttheroleofthesegenesinChinesepopulations.Thepresentstudyutilizedpolymerasechainreactionandligasedetectionreactiontodetectsinglenucleotidepolymorphisms(SNPs)in280consecutivestrokepatientsand258unrelatedpopulation-basedcontrolsfromNanjing,JiangsuProvince,China.Theallelefrequency,genotypes,andhaplotypesofthetwoSNPs(rs456009andrs966221)inPDE4Dweresimilarbetweenthetwogroups.However,Aallelefrequencyofrs4073259(A/G)andrs4769055(A/C)intheALOX5APgeneexhibiteddifferencesintwogroups,andespeciallythehaplotypeoftheSNPwassignificantlydifferentbetweenthetwogroups.ResultssuggestedthattheALOX5APgenemightbeinvolvedinlacunarinfarct,whilePDE4DgenewasnotariskfactorforlacunarinfarctinindividualsfromJiangsuProvince,China.

简介：Multiplesclerosis(MS)isachronicautoimmunediseaseofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS)characterizedbycoexistingprocessesofinflammation,demyelination,axonalneurodegeneration,andgliosis.Itisthemostcommondisablingneurologicaldiseaseinyoungadulthood.Althoughautoimmuneinflammationcontributestoaxonalpathology

简介：Thisstudyadaptedastatisticalprobabilisticanatomicalmapofthebrainforsinglephotonemissioncomputedtomographyimagesofdepressiveend-stagerenaldiseasepatients.Thisresearchaimedtoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweensymptomclusters,diseaseseverity,andcerebralbloodflow.Twenty-sevenpatients(16males,11females)withstages4and5end-stagerenaldiseasewereenrolled,alongwith25healthycontrols.Allpatientsunderwentdepressivemoodassessmentandbrainsinglephotonemissioncomputedtomography.Thestatisticalprobabilisticanatomicalmapimageswereusedtocalculatethebrainsinglephotonemissioncomputedtomographycounts.AsymmetricindexwasacquiredandPearsoncorrelationanalysiswasperformedtoanalyzethecorrelationbetweensymptomfactors,severity,andregionalcerebralbloodflow.ThedepressionfactorsoftheHamiltonDepressionRatingScaleshowedanegativecorrelationwithcerebralbloodflowintheleftamygdale.Theinsomniafactorshowednegativecorrelationswithcerebralbloodflowintheleftamygdala,rightsuperiorfrontalgyrus,rightmiddlefrontalgyrus,andleftmiddlefrontalgyrus.Theanxietyfactorshowedapositivecorrelationwithcerebralglucosemetabolisminthecerebellarvermisandanegativecorrelationwithcerebralglucosemetabolismintheleftglobuspallidus,rightinferiorfrontalgyrus,bothtemporalpoles,andleftparahippocampus.Theoveralldepressionseverity(totalscoresofHamiltonDepressionRatingScale)wasnegativelycorrelatedwiththestatisticalprobabilisticanatomicalmapresultsintheleftamygdalaandrightinferiorfrontalgyrus.Inconclusion,ourresultsdemonstratedthatthediseaseseverityandextentofcerebralbloodflowquantifiedbyaprobabilisticbrainatlaswasrelatedtovariousbrainareasintermsoftheoverallseverityandsymptomfactorsinend-stagerenaldiseasepatients.