简介：Inthispaperwedevelopanelasto-dynamicmodelofthehumanarmthatincludeseffectsofneuro-muscularcontroluponelasticdeformationinthelimb.Theelasto-dynamicmodelofthearmisbasedonhybridparametermultiplebodysystemvariationalprojectionprinciplespresentedinthecompanionpaper.Thoughthetechniqueissuitablefordetailedboneandjointmodeling,wepresentsimulationsforsimplifiedgeometryofthebones,discretizedasRayleighbeamswithelongation,whileallowingforlargedeflections.MotionoftheupperextremityissimulatedbyincorporatingmuscleforcesderivedfromaHill-typemodelofmusculotendondynamics.Theeffectsofmuscleforcearemodeledintwoways.Inoneapproach,aneffectivejointtorqueiscalculatedbymultiplyingthemuscleforcebyajointmomentann.Asecondapproachmodelsthemuscleasactingalongastraightlinebetweentheoriginandinsertionsitesofthetendon.Simplearmmotionissimulatedbyutilizingneuralfeedbackandfeedforwardcontrol.Simulationsillustratethecombinedeffectsofneuralcontrolstrategies,modelsofmuscleforceinclusion,andelasticassumptionsonjointtrajectoriesandstressandstraindevelopmentintheboneandtendon.

简介：Overthelastdecade,computationalmethodshavebeenintensivelyappliedtoavarietyofscientificresearchesandengi-neeringdesigns.Althoughthecomputationalfluiddynamics(CFD)methodhasplayedadominantroleinstudyingandsimu-latingtransportphenomenainvolvingfluidflowandheatandmasstransfers,inrecentyears,othernumericalmethodsforthesimulationsatmeso-andmicro-scaleshavealsobeenactivelyappliedtosolvethephysicsofcomplexflowandfluid-interfaceinteractions.Thispaperpresentsareviewofrecentadvancesinmulti-scalecomputationalsimulationofbiomimeticsrelatedfluidflowproblems.Thestate-of-the-artnumericaltechniques,suchaslatticeBoltzmannmethod(LBM),moleculardynamics(MD),andconventionalCFD,appliedtodifferentproblemssuchasfishflow,electro-osmosiseffectofearthwormmotion,andself-cleaninghydrophobicsurface,andthenumericalapproachesareintroduced.Thenewchallengingofmodellingbiomi-meticsproblemsindevelopingthephysicalconditionsofself-cleanhydrophobicsurfacesisdiscussed.