简介:Statisticalapproachesforevaluatingcausaleffectsandfordiscoveringcausalnetworksarediscussedinthispaper.Acausalrelationbetweentwovariablesisdifferentfromanassociationorcorrelationbetweenthem.Anassociationmeasurementbetweentwovariablesandmaybechangeddramaticallyfrompositivetonegativebyomittingathirdvariable,whichiscalledYule-Simpsonparadox.WeshalldiscusshowtoevaluatethecausaleffectofatreatmentorexposureonanoutcometoavoidthephenomenaofYule-Simpsonparadox.Surrogatesandintermediatevariablesareoftenusedtoreducemeasurementcostsordurationwhenmeasurementofendpointvariablesisexpensive,inconvenient,infeasibleorunobservableinpractice.Therehavebeenmanycriteriaforsurrogates.However,itispossiblethatforasurrogatesatisfyingthesecriteria,atreatmenthasapositiveeffectonthesurrogate,whichinturnhasapositiveeffectontheoutcome,butthetreatmenthasanegativeeffectontheoutcome,whichiscalledthesurrogateparadox.Weshalldiscusscriteriaforsurrogatestoavoidthephenomenaofthesurrogateparadox.Causalnetworkswhichdescribethecausalrelationshipsamongalargenumberofvariableshavebeenappliedtomanyresearchfields.Itisimportanttodiscoverstructuresofcausalnetworksfromobserveddata.Weproposearecursiveapproachfordiscoveringacausalnetworkinwhichastructurallearningofalargenetworkisdecomposedrecursivelyintolearningofsmallnetworks.Furthertodiscovercausalrelationships,wepresentanactivelearningapproachintermsofexternalinterventionsonsomevariables.Whenwefocusonthecausesofaninterestoutcome,insteadofdiscoveringawholenetwork,weproposealocallearningapproachtodiscoverthesecausesthataffecttheoutcome.
简介:Basedonthecontinuoushot(aluminizing)galvanizinglinesandrelatednon-standardequipmentofMeishanSteel,thispaperpresentsthemaincontentsofsuchintegratedengineeringanddesigningofequipmentforthetwohot-dippedgalvanizinglines,aswellasinnovativetechniquesandtheirfeatures.LedbyColdRollingProjectDepartmentofMeishanSteel,BaosteelEngineeringandTechnologyGroupCo.,Ltd.,workingastheresponsibleunitofthisproject,developskeytechnologiesandintegratesthesystembycombiningtheequipmentdesignanddevelopmentcapacityofBaosteelEngineering,researchanddevelopmentcapacityofResearchInstituteofBaosteel,processproductionandequipmentmaintenanceexperienceofColdRollingPlant,EquipmentDepartmentandManufactureDepartmentofBaosteelCorporation.Coretechnologiesofthetwolinesaredevelopedanddesignedthroughoriginalandintegratedinnovationandinnovationafterdigestion,focusingoneightcoretechniquesinprocessequipment,annealingfurnace,fluidinstallationandEICsystem.Asaresultofintegrationinkeyprocessequipment,industrialfurnaceandEICcontrol,thecoldrollinghotdipped(aluminizing)galvanizinglinestakeonanewlookandreachanannualcapacityof200000tgalvanizedproductsand250000tgalvanizedaluminiumbasestripsrespectively.Thesetwoworldadvancedlinesareabletoproducehot-dippedgalvanizingproductswithhighqualitysurfaceandfineshape,suchashouseholdapplianceboardandseniorconstructionboard.Asaresult,theprocessandequipmenttechnologyofthelineshaveformeddomesticintellectualproperty.Thus,thetechnologyhasreferencevalueforself-integrationandequipmenttechnologyinnovationofsimilarlines.